Comparative Education Research 
                   
                  
         Approaches and Methods 
                     CERC Studies in Comparative Education 
                      
                     1.     Mark Bray & W.O. Lee (eds.) (2001): Education and Political Transition: Themes and Experiences 
                            in East Asia. Second edition. ISBN 962-8093-84-3. 228pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     2.     Mark Bray & W.O. Lee (eds.) (1997): Education and Political Transition: Implications of Hong 
                            Kong’s Change of Sovereignty. ISBN 962-8093-90-8. 169pp. [Out of print] 
                     3.     Philip G. Altbach (1998): Comparative Higher Education: Knowledge, the University, and 
                            Development. ISBN 962-8093-88-6. 312pp. HK$180/US$30. 
                     4.     Zhang Weiyuan (1998): Young People and Careers: A Comparative Study of Careers Guidance 
                            in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Edinburgh. ISBN 962-8093-89-4. 160pp. HK$180/US$30. 
                     5.     Harold Noah & Max A. Eckstein (1998): Doing Comparative Education: Three Decades of 
                            Collaboration. ISBN 962-8093-87-8. 356pp. HK$250/US$38. 
                     6.     T. Neville Postlethwaite (1999): International Studies of Educational Achievement: Methodo-
                            logical Issues. ISBN 962-8093-86-X. 86pp. HK$100/US$20. 
                     7.     Mark Bray & Ramsey Koo (eds.) (2004): Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao: 
                            Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change. Second edition. ISBN 962-8093-34-7. 
                            323pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     8.     Thomas Clayton (2000): Education and the Politics of Language: Hegemony and Pragmatism in 
                            Cambodia, 1979-1989. ISBN 962-8093-83-5. 243pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     9.     Gu Mingyuan (2001): Education in China and Abroad: Perspectives from a Lifetime in Com-
                            parative Education. ISBN 962-8093-70-3. 252pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     10.    William K. Cummings, Maria Teresa Tatto & John Hawkins (eds.) (2001): Values Education for 
                            Dynamic Societies: Individualism or Collectivism. ISBN 962-8093-71-1. 312pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     11.    Ruth Hayhoe & Julia Pan (eds.) (2001): Knowledge Across Cultures: A Contribution to Dialogue 
                            Among Civilizations. ISBN 962-8093-73-8. 391pp. HK$250/US$38. 
                     12.    Robert A. LeVine (2003): Childhood Socialization: Comparative Studies of Parenting, Learning 
                            and Educational Change. ISBN 962-8093-61-4. 299pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     13.    Mok Ka-Ho (ed.) (2003): Centralization and Decentralization: Educational Reforms and 
                            Changing Governance in Chinese Societies. ISBN 962-8093-58-4. 230pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     14.    W.O. Lee, David L. Grossman, Kerry J. Kennedy & Gregory P. Fairbrother (eds.) (2004): Citizenship 
                            Education in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts and Issues. ISBN 962-8093-59-2. 313pp. 
                            HK$200/US$32. 
                     15.    Alan Rogers (2004): Non-Formal Education: Flexible Schooling or Participatory Education? ISBN 
                            962-8093-30-4. 316pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     16.    Peter Ninnes & Meeri Hellstén (eds.) (2005): Internationalizing Higher Education: Critical Explora-
                            tions of Pedagogy and Policy. ISBN 962-8093-37-1. 231pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     17.    Ruth Hayhoe (2006): Portraits of Influential Chinese Educators. ISBN 10: 962-8093-40-1; ISBN 13: 
                            978-962-8093-40-3.
                                                  398pp. HK$250/US$38. 
                     18.    Aaron Benavot & Cecilia Braslavsky (eds.) (2006): School Knowledge in Comparative and 
                            Historical Perspective: Changing Curricula in Primary and Secondary Education. ISBN 10: 
                            962-8093-52-5; ISBN 13: 978-962-8093-52-6. 315pp. HK$200/US$32. 
                     19.    Mark Bray, Bob Adamson & Mark Mason (eds.) (2007): Comparative Education Research: 
                            Approaches and Methods. ISBN 978-1-4020-6188-2. 444pp. HK$250/US$38.
                     Order through bookstores or from:  
                     Comparative Education Research Centre 
                     Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. 
                     Fax: (852) 2517 4737; E-mail: cerc@hkusub.hku.hk; Website: www.hku.hk/cerc 
                     The list prices above are applicable for order from CERC, and include sea mail postage.  
                     For air mail postage costs, please contact CERC. 
                     No. 7 in the series and Nos. 13-15 are co-published with Kluwer Academic Publishers and the 
                     Comparative Education Research Centre of the University of Hong Kong. Books from No. 16 
                     onwards are co-published with Springer. Springer publishes hardback versions.  
          CERC Studies in Comparative Education 19 
                         
                         
         Comparative Education 
                  Research 
           Approaches and Methods 
                         
                    Edited by 
                         
                   Mark Bray 
                  Bob Adamson 
                  Mark Mason 
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
              Comparative Education Research Centre 
                The University of Hong Kong 
                      Springer 
              SERIES EDITOR 
              Mark Mason, Director, Comparative Education Research Centre 
              The University of Hong Kong, China 
              FOUNDING EDITOR (AND CURRENTLY ASSOCIATE EDITOR) 
              Mark Bray, Director, International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) 
              UNESCO, France 
              ASSOCIATE EDITOR 
              Anthony Sweeting, Comparative Education Research Centre  
              The University of Hong Kong, China 
              INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD 
              Robert Arnove, Indiana University, USA 
              Beatrice Avalos, Santiago, Chile 
              Nina Borevskaya, Institute of the Far East, Moscow, Russia 
              Michael Crossley, University of Bristol, United Kingdom 
              Gui Qin, Capital Normal University, China  
              Gita Steiner-Khamsi, Teachers College, Columbia University, USA 
               
              Comparative Education Research Centre 
              Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong 
              Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China 
               
              © Comparative Education Research Centre 
              First published 2007 
              ISBN 978-1-4020-6188-2              e-ISBN 978-1-4020-6189-9
              All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a 
              retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-
              cal, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the 
              publisher. 
               
              COVER  
              Detail, “Autumn School”, from an impressionist landscape by Vietnamese artist, 
              Dao Hai Phong, reproduced with the kind permission of the painting’s owners, 
              Richard and Louisa Barton. 
                    Dao Hai Phong was born in Hanoi in 1965 and graduated from the Hanoi 
              College of Fine Art in 1987. Village scenes and depictions of Hanoi streets 
              executed in very bright colours such as blue, yellow, green or red are charac-
              teristic of his paintings. Phong’s work has been exhibited in Hanoi, Hong Kong, 
              Italy, Laos, Singapore, Switzerland, the UK and the USA. 
               
              Typesetting, layout and index by Emily Mang and John Siu.