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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616
The Formation Of New Words In Modern Arabic
Literary Language
Mahmudova Diyora Jamal qizi
Abstract— In arabic, the term ―at-tawlid ad-dilaali‖ is used in the process of generating new meaning sof words, which means a meaningful
transformation of words. In the Arabic language, new meanings of words are formed in two ways – by means of ―ishtikok‖, as well as by introducing
foreign words into the Arabic language. The internal types include ―ishtikok kabiyr‖, ―ishtikok sogiyr‖, ―ishtikok kubbar‖, ―naht‖, ―itbaun‖, the groups of
which are ―al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy‖ (―sensual ishtikok‖), ―al-ishtikok as-sovtiy‖ (―sound ishtikok‖), ―al-ishtikok al-lafziy‖ (― uniform ishtikok‖), and also ―al-
ishtikok ash-shabiy‖ (―popular ishtikok‖). In the internal types of ishtikak, the form of the word changes. The letters that make up the word change places,
the voices change, some vowels drop out, or are added. In such cases, some words change their meaning partially, and some acquire acompletely
different meaning. The above-mentioned terms – ―ishtikok kabiyr‖, ―ishtikok sogiyr‖, ―ishtikok kubbar‖ are part of ―al-ishtikok al-lafziy‖. That is, as a result
on the broken form of the word, it leads to a changein meaning and it is admitted in al-ishtikok al-lafziy. The formation of new words that are associated
with sound, as well as with intonation, as admitted in ―al-ishtikok as-sovtiy‖.In ―al-ishtikok ash-shabiy‖ the mentioned words that are considered foreign
words are borrowed and change their meaning, acquiring new meanings.In ―al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy‖ words change in meaning, not in form. This may
mean that the meaning of the word can be expanded, narrowed, or in a more general sense. This process is known to Arabic linguists as ―at-tawliyd ad-
dilaaliy‖ and includes homonymy, metonymy, ad-dod, al-iktirad.Although in Arabic the words homonyms are similar in form, they have different
meanings. However, such words show a connection between moving two names into one based on the similarities between the two objects. When it
comes to ad-dod, Arabic linguists call it the foundation of ―tazad‖ art. It is characterized by the fact that the word reflects two opposite meanings in
essence. Interestingly, Arabic linguists are divided into two poles in the traditional approach. One denies the existence of such words, the other
emphasizes its existence and emphasizes that such words are found in Arabic poetry, the Quran and Hadith.In Arabic, the term ―al-iktirad‖ (which means
―to borrow‖) has a special meaning in the formation of words. Thus, the new meaning in is added to the existing meaning of the word. In some cases, the
meaning of the word ―al-iktirad‖ is some times expressed equentially, but in some cases it is not observed at all.
Index Terms—ishtikak, ishtikak kabiyr, ishtikak kubbar, naht, ―al-iktirad‖, metathora, streach meaning, meaning snarrow, change meaning, ad-dod
words.
—————————— ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
The vocabulary is a lexical phenomenon, not a grammar one. one letter in the original stem are in a newly formed word,
Arabic is one of the most effective and original languages in such as slicing and crushing, obstructing and rejecting,
this regard. In Arabic, they use the termديلوتلايللادلا . In Arabic, dividing and breaking (قشوقد،دصلاودسلا،طقودق،مصقومسق).The main
this word means "to create new words". In the conversion purpose of these two types is to enrich the Arabic language
process, words are formed in two ways. They are: and form a large number of new words‖ [2].These comments,
1. Through ishtikok; given above, are rather narrow. Because, apart from the three
2. Through the introduction of foreign words into Arabic types mentioned above, there are also subgroups:
[1]. 1. يظفل قاقتشا (shaped ishtikok);
METHODS OF RESEARCH 2. يللاد قاقتشا (spiritual ishtikok);
Methods of scientific description, comparative-historical, 3. يتوص قاقتشا (sound ishtikok);
comparative-typological, component analysis were used to 4. يبعش قاقتشا (popular ishtikok) .
reveal the theme of the article.
يظفل قاقتشا– This type of ishtikok is meant to form new words
2 THE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS while maintaining a formally related relationship, and these
With ishtikok, words can also be formed by adding content, newly formed words have meaning in their meaning. We can
letters, signs, removing them, replacing them, replacing an include the verb inclinations and chapters, the exact and
existing letter with another letter, and so on. Professor Rosia definite degrees of adjectives, the adjective mushabbaha
Bin Arabiya commented on this process: (similar adjectives), the weapon nouns, the names of time and
―Khalil ibn Ahmed Al-Farahidi said that ishtikak kabiyr includes space, and the names of the verbs to ―al-ishtikok al-lafziy‖. For
swapping the words, in " ishtikak kubbar " all the letters except example,
هتنع– I hurt him with my eyes (I touched him)
———————————————— هلبح– he fastened him with a rope
Mahmudova Diyora Jamal qizi is a PhD student of Department of Also, the new words formed on the basis of the same
Arabic Philology at Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies, root can be cited as follows:
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, e-mail : di-manno@mail.ru " نطبلا" – New words from the word abdomen:
نطب– his stomach ached
ُِ
نوطبم– his stomach hurts
ن طب– his stomach increase the size of the stomach
ِ
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616
ناطبم– a man who cannot stop himself from eating opinions about ad-dod. Very few scholars have denied the
نيطب– large belly existence of such simple words in Arabic. However, many
ّ
نطبم– small belly scholars have noted the existence of such words in the Arabic
ِ
ُ هنطب– he hit his stomach dictionaries. Ibn Durustawayh, one of the most famous
The words quoted above are quite common in Arabic, and scholars of denial of ad-dod, said, ―ad-dods and synonimic
many more examples can be found in Arabic dictionaries by words lead to confusion and ambiguity. This distorts the
Dr. Abdullah Amin [3]. original function of language, that is, explanation and
يتوص قاقتشا – while the vocal ishtikok implies the creation of clarification‖ [13].Ad-dod words are also found in poems, in the
new words related to melody and sound. For example, verbs Qur'an, in hadiths, and in other Arabic texts. So, ad-dod can
and nouns that describe a repetition or pronunciation of a not be undone, it is the result of changes in sound and
sound are an example of a voice ishtikok. Examples: meaning. Here, let's take a look at the expression "change in
ّ
فافأ لجر ، نلاف ففأ meaning". We want to point out that the common type of ad-
Someone sighed, he sighs a lot [4] dod and يللاد قاقتشا is the universal dependency, because, as
ءاتات لجر we have already seen, the emergence of the word with new
―Someone who can't pronounce the letter "T" well [5] meanings is also a characteristic of يللاد قاقتشا. In this case the
ةعثعثلا word is not formed from another word, but its meanings
To pronounce letters as "saun" and "ain" when change within this word and become mutually
speaking [6] exclusive.Scholars have taken three different approaches to
ةهجهجلا the study of ad-dod, the first of which is a narrow approach to
Screaming of heroes in war [7] the subject, and in their works they rarely give examples of
شبكلاب وأ سيتلاب أحأح this phenomenon. The following scholars are as follows:Al-
To call a goat or a sheep [8] Sa'olibiy in his book ―Fiqh al-Lugha‖ contains seven ad-dod,
ةمعمعلا while the oriental scholar Al-Almoni Jays cites 22 ad-dods in
The voices of brave men in war [9] his short booklet.Among the scholars who have taken a
يبعش قاقتشا- folk ishtikok, in this type of ishtikok, often widespread approach to ad-dod, we can include Qutrub, Ibn
considered foreign words, are changed, their form changed, Al-Anbari, Feruz Abadi, Abu At-Tayyib Al-Lughawi. The
and new meanings are created [10]. Interestingly, such words scholars of this group gave 300 examples of simple ad-dod
are widely practiced by many people, who think that the words in their books.Among the scholars who came to the
original of this word are originated from their native language. third step in common, are Ibn Sikkit (92 words), Abu Hatim al-
Take, for example, the word " القاضى لقمة " (Al-Luqma al- Sajistani (170 words) and Ibn Sayyid (92 words).Ibn al-Anbari
qodiy) in Arabic, which is a common name among the Arab has made several variations on the topic of addad to such
nations, and why does it come to be called such a name? Is it differences of opinion [14]:
specially designed for judges, or is it because of their respect? 1. Defects in the knowledge of the Arab peoples;
Or was it the first time the dessert had been prepared by a 2. They did not know the science of balāǧat;
man named ― القاضى‖ ―Al-Qodiy‖? The answer is: Ancient 3. The presence of confusion in their conversations.
Turks in Egypt called this dessert "نيداقلا ةمقل ", نيداقلاthe word Due to the flaws in the knowledge of the Arab people, they
in Turkish means "lady," "woman. The beauty of the woman's expressed their opinions very weakly and as a result they
mouth was so beautiful and so small that it could fit only a completely confused.Contemporary linguists acknowledge that
small amount. For this reason, this dessert was originally addod words exist in many languages, such as Arabic, Latin,
called "نيداقلا ةمقل "- "lady bite". When the Egyptians first heard Persian, and Aramaic. However, people do not pay attention to
the phrase, they did not clearly understand the pronunciation. this.Some scholars point to the origin of addods as one of the
Thus, the name of this dessert was adapted to the Arabic groups of sympathies - the "naht". In other words, one addod
language and began to be used by representatives of this word was formed by ―naht‖ two opposing meanings. For
language [11]. example, the word "ضبلأا "means "anxiety" and "peace" and
̉̉
يللاد قاقتشا- form does not play a significant role, but the is made up of two words "̉̉بأ" ("stand up" and "hurry") and "ضب"
meaning of the newly formed words is at the forefront, while is made of the words "settle down" and "calm down".
the second word from the word gives a whole new meaning. Here are some examples of addod words:
This type of ishtikok includes such things as synonyms, ربأ– the best; the worst
ّ
paranormalities, al-eqtirad, ad-dod.It is necessary to عزفأ– be scared; get rid of fear
differentiate between ―at-tavliyd‖ and 'ishtikok'. If the method of ادج– to give, to ask
creating new words in Arabic is known as "ishtikok", the بعش- to break; to fix
process of their formation is called ―at-tavliyd‖.In Arabic, the قمل– write; to clean
term "دادضلأا"is used to refer to words with differing meanings. One of the famous Arab poets, Antara, used the word "نيبلا"in
Many Arabic linguists misunderstand this term because they the following byte, which means ―firak‖ (seperation) and ―wisol‖
do not know enough about it. They usually mix with ―tazod‖. (being together):
However, according to Sibawayhi and Almubarrid, a prominent عقوتأ مهقارف نيذلا نعظ
and well-known scholar of Nahw, they think ―tazod‖ is actually عقبلأا بارغلا مهنيب ىرج و
part of the ad-dod [12].Ad-dod is a type of polysemic I care about those who seperate and leave,
compound in which the word simultaneously expresses White-black crow took firaq (wisol).
conflicting meanings. Arab scholars have expressed different In the work of Ibn al-'Arabi, the word "ميلش " is used to mean
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"safe" and "injured": "الفرامل". This unit, whose base "حبك" is from the verb "stop",
ّ
همازح هل دش اذإ وكشي stops the car from speeding as the situation requires.
هملاك تبرذ ميلس ىوكش Metonymy - refers to the interconnection of an event (ie, the
content, the cause, the material, the nouns), and the relation
Even if the belt is pulled out, of the subject to the event; Compare: ― نيمي‖ – The right hand is
It hurts from it. an oath; ― قفص‖ – to shake hands, to bless - to agree; the
ْ
If a healthy (injured) person complains, singular form of the verb; ― ةقفص‖ ― ةفيظو‖ – (salary for special
His words are sharp. position;) ― ةوهق‖ - coffee - a coffee shop (unless this is an
ْ
ُ
The word " سعسع " also means "the beginning of the night" and abbreviated form of the commonly used term ― ةوهقلا تيب‖;
ِ
"the retreat of the night," meaning "daylight." The following ― صاصر‖ – lead bullets; ― ديدح‖ – iron - chains; ― ناخُد‖ – smoke -
poem by the poet Al-Qalamama Ibn Kurt is used in the ad- tobacco [19]. Apart from the aforementioned language
dod[15]: phenomena, "يللادلا ديلوتلا"to "ضارتقلاا"can also be included
اسفنت اهنع حبصلا اذإ ىتح ("borrow"). It is often used to form new words. In these cases,
اسعسع و اهليل اهنع باجنا و a new meaning is added to the meaning of the existing word;
Night gave birth and retreat "ضارتقلاا" - there is only one condition for this to happen - there
And the day came from the night like a baby. is a certain incongruity between the newly formed word and in
Arabic language is constantly evolving, moving, and over time, some cases this connection is not observed at all. For
the meaning of the words changes. There are times when the example, the term "ultra sound", used in medicine, is well-
word is not new in form but in meaning. In the formation of known, and its English appearance is "ultra sound‖. And the
such meaningful words in the language, "النقل" - the "process Arabs call it a different name from the name, "الموجات" –
of transplant" plays an important role. In this process, the ―waves‖. This name was caused by the ripples visible on the
literal meaning of the word itself and the word used becomes screen of the "ultra sound" equipment. The Arabic word "ةاونلا"
the original meaning, and its former symbols and figurines are ("seed") is derived from the French word ―noyau‖, which
gone, and the newly formed meaning becomes the meaning of means "seed" and "nucleus", meaning "atomic nucleus‖
the word. [20].New words are formed by the Arabicization of some of the
For example, ― بجش‖ – to sorrow - to destroy, ― خضر‖ – give words from Arabic to other foreign languages and their
something a little - to obey ―ىنافت‖ – to destroy or hide each adaptation to the existing rules and sounds of that language.
other, ― ج تحإ‖ – cite, suffice, ― كيمس‖ – high and thick [16] For example: "كربف" – means "to fabricate", "to creat", which
ْ
Words can change in three ways and gain new meaning: is actually derived from the English word ―fabricate‖. The Arabs
а) reduction of meanings; call the nervous person "ينزفرن وه"- ―he is nervous", the verb
ّ
b) extension of meanings; form of the word is "ز فرنت ", while the adjective form is "زرفنتم".
c) interference, change of meanings (metaphor, metonymy, The word expressing nervousness is an Arabic expression of
synecdoxa). Reduction of meanings is a phenomenon of the the original "nervous" in English. They also use the term نلاف"
transfer of common, original meanings to private pictorial كود "رملأا or use the term "وكود" in car paint when the Arabs
meanings. For example, the word "poison" was first used in say that they have closed their case. Both these words "وكود"
the sense of "drinks" but over time it changed to "poison". and "كود"are actually Arabic words for "decorate" [21].
"يمارح" the word originally meant any act which was not
honest, but now it means "صل" - "thief". In ancient times, the 3 CONCLUSION
word "حريم" was applied to anything that could not be held by From the foregoing, we can conclude that language is always
hand, but now it means ―woman‖.Expansion of meaning is a in action and new words are constantly being formed. New
move from a private to a broader, more literal meaning. For
ْ words in Arabic are created and applied to the people through
example: ― ةرفس‖ – passenger food - a dining table,― تيز‖ – olive
ُ ْ
the two above mentioned methods - ishtikok and foreign
oil - any vegetable oil or mineral oil, ― دئار‖ – anyone looking for
a new grassland - the first to discover, discover, discover or words. The first method is that new words formed by ishtikok
can sometimes change in form and sometimes in meaning.
acquire it, a pioneer, ― ليمز‖ – a person who is traveling or
working with a camel - a colleague, a co-worker [17]. The word However, it is important to note that words created by the inner
"flower", meaning "ةرهز" originally meant "first bud" sprouting parts of the heart are formed mainly by changing the letters in
from plants, but it was later used to describe the word "flower". the root of the word, adding or removing them. But in the
Change of meanings. Symbol (metaphor) - moving the name groups that belong to it, these changes are mostly manifested
of one of the two objects based on their similarity [18]. For in the sense. It is noteworthy that, in both ways, the Arabic
language is not only losing its originality but also becoming
example: ― نيع‖ – eye - spy, ― راثرث‖ – water, plenty of water
ْ more and more polished. As we study the formation of new
(about the spring), ― ةراثرث نيع‖ – a talker, a gossip ,"ةقوسم" the
ْ ّ meanings in Arabic, we can gain a little insight into the past,
word is actually derived from the leg قاسلا now the word is
نولطنبلا - the pants. Because it is fully clothed on two feet. ةيفرط present and future of that language. This topic also shows
this word means "fax", in fact, The word فرطلا means to close that, once again, it is possible to learn languages effectively by
your eyes (which means instantaneously), and it is named comparative study.
after the rate of response to a fax. The phone is called فتاه "
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616
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