Polish
              Grammar in a
                 Nutshell
                 © Oscar E. Swan
               University of Pittsburgh
                     2003
              Information on Polish sounds and grammar
                 which should be mastered by the
                 intermediate-level student of the
                       language.
                       POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
                               
                                                  540
                                       POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
                                  CONTENTS
                 The Polish Alphabet and Sounds 5
                 Notes on Spelling and Pronunciation 6
                 Sound Changes 8
                 Nouns 9
                   Noun Gender 9
                   Cases and Case Use 11
                   Noun Phrases 13
                   Regular Noun Endings 15
                   Distribution of Endings  16
                   Noun Endings Depending on the Hard-Soft Distinction 17
                   Noun Declensions 19
                   Days of the Week 23
                   Compass Directions 23
                   Months 24
                 Pronouns 24
                   Personal Pronouns 24
                   Possessive Pronouns 26
                   Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 27
                   Intensive Pronoun 28
                   Reflexive Pronoun 28
                   Distributive Pronoun 29
                 Adjectives 30
                   Adjective Declension 30
                   Adjective-Noun Order 30
                   Comparison of Adjectives 31
                   Adjective Opposites 31
                 Adverbs 33
                   Comparison of Adverbs 33
                   Non-Adjectival Adverbs  35
                 Numerals 37
                   Cardinal Numerals 37
                   Compound Numbers 38
                   Declension of Cardinal Numerals 38
                                     541
              POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
                Collective Numerals 41
                Reified Numerals 42
                Indefinite Numerals 42
                Counting People 42
                Ordinal Numerals  43
                Time of Day  43
                Dates, Years, Expressing ‘How Old’ 44
              Prepositions 45
                Prepositions Arranged According to Case 46
                Prepositions Expressing 'at', 'to', 'from' 47
                Expressions of Time 47
                Polish Translations of 'For' 48
              Conjunctions 50
              Verbs 51
                Finite Verb Categories 53
                Present Tense 53
                Summary of Verb Classes 56
                Imperative 57
                Past Tense 58
                Future Tense 60
                Perfective and Imperfective Aspect 60
                Verbs of Motion 62
                Conditional Mood 63
                Participles and Gerunds 64
                Passive Voice 66
                Impersonal Verbs 67
                Reflexive Verbs 68
              Important Sentence Constructions 71
                Constructions with the Infinitive 71
                Modal Expressions 71
                ‘Introducing’ Sentences 71
                Expressing 'There Is' 72
                Predicate Nouns and Adjectives 72
                Yes-No Questions 72
                Negation 72
              Word Order 73
              Sentence Intonation 73
                               542