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ّ
ْ ْ ْ
ٌٞحشَّ ىا ِـَحشَّ ىا اللّ ٌغت
ِ ِ ِ ِ
ِ ِ
Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One
The three vowel markings
َّ ْ
َ ُ
َ
ُ حشلاصىا خامشحىا
َ َ
َْ
ْ َ ُ
kasrah - جشغم ٌ- ٌ حَض fathah - ححرف
َ َّ َ َ
mmmhddh
(i) (u) (a)
Sukoon
ْ ُ
ٌ- ُ٘نع
ْ ُ
shaddah
ّ ََّ
ٌ- جذش
َّْ
ُ ْ
at-tanween: ِْٝ٘رىا
ِ
َ َْ
(an ) - fathataan ٌ- ُارحرف
َ
ِ
َ
(un) - dhammataan - ُارَض
َّ َ
ِ
َ ْ َ
(in ) - kasrataan - ُاذشغم
َ
ِ
When vowel markings are doubled at the end of a word they are called
ْ
ْ َ
ِْٝ٘ذ (tanween). The additional vowel at the end of a word represents a
ِ
ْ ْ
ُ (noon saakinah). The ُ is not written but is only pronounced. e.g.
ْ ُ
ْ ْ
ُ ذجغٍ - ذجغٍ
ِ َ ِ َ
َ
The Arabic language is made up of خاَيم (words) and these words are
ِ
of three types they are known as: َ
ْ ْ ْ
rPwwPu/ehuwtraP - فشح bPuV/nrwtcA - و ؼف No un - ٌعا
َ ِ ِ
َ
ْ
to -ٚىإ wc oc/,zPAw - ةٕر mcxvP - دٞت
َ
َ َ
ِ
1
ْ
َ َ َ
ْ ُ
rPtPAwPA: eP zPAw wc h mcxvP دٞت ٚىإ ةٕر : ٌ حيَجىا
َ ُ
َ َ ْ
ِ
ْ
The table below shows the properties of an ٌعا (noun):
ِ
Examples Translation Properties
Masculine, feminine
َ َ َّ َّ
َ
حثىاط ،ة ىاط سّؤٍ ،ش مزٍ
َ
َ ِ ِ ُ ُ
Singular, dual, plural
َّ ُ ْ
َ َ َّ َ
ب لاط ،ُاثىاط ،ة ىاط غ َج ،ْٚصٍ ،دشفٍ
َ ِ ِ ْ َ ُ َ ُ
ِ Intellect, non-intellect
َ
ْ ْ َ
دٞت ،ة ىاط وقاػ شٞغ ،و قاػ
َ ُ َ
َ ِ ِ ِ
Indefinite, definite
َّ
َ َ
ْ َ
ةىاطىا ،ة ىاط ٌ حفشؼٍ ،جشنّ
ُ
ِ ِ َ ِ
َ
ِ
َ
جشنّ is when an ism is indefinite or not specific, it is general i.e., the
َ ِ
َ
ism ب ارم ‘a book’ this can be any book from the different types of
ِ
books.
َ
ْ
ٌ حفشؼٍ is when an ism is definite or specific, it is not general i.e., the
َ
ِ
ْ
َ َ
ism بارنىا ‘the book’ or ذَحٍ بارم ‘Muhammad’s book’, here the
ُ ُ
ِ َّ َ ُ ِ
book is a particular book not just any book in general.
َّ َ
An ism in the Arabic language can be ْٚصٍ (dual) meaning it shows upon
ُ
َ
two i.e., the ism ُاثىاط means ‘two students’ this is done by adding ُا
َ ِ
ِ ِ
(alif and noon)at the end of an ism.
An ism can be و قاػ possess intellect such as humans, angels and jinns or
َ
ِ
ْ َ
it can be وقاػشٞغ possess no intellect such as animals, objects, trees
َ ُ
ِ
e.t.c.
َ
ْ َ
The و صأ (Asl) origin of an ism is that it carries ُارَض ٌ- ‘two
َّ َ
ِ
dhammas’ (tanween) on the last letter of the word. The tanween
َ
generally is also a sign showing that the ism is جشنّ (indefinite), however
َ ِ
there is an exception to this because you will find that Arabic male names
َ
ْ
such as ط اَّثػ،ذَحٍ accept tanween but they are ٌ حفشؼٍ (definite).
َ
َّ َ ُ
َ
ِ
The tanween is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English
‘a’/ ‘an’.
2
َ
ْ َّ
(١) هٗلأا طسذىا
ُ َّ ُ
ْ
َ
This is a house ا ز ٕ
َ
ْ
َّْ
ْ ْ
rPwwPu wc VutAo wc hwwPAwtcA cu haPuw ٔٞثْريى فشح - إ
َ َ
ِ ِ
ِ
َّْ
ْ ْ
ٔٞثْريى فشح is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the
ِ ِ َ
ِ
َ
ْ
person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to ءاَعأ
ُ
َ
َ
جساشلإا (nouns of indication).
َِ
ِ
ْ
َ
َ ْ
noun of indication جساش لإا ٌعا - ار
َِ ُ ِ
ِ
ْ
َ َ
ازٕ is pronounced as ارإ, but it is written without the first alif.
َ َ
َ ْ
The جساشلإا ٌعا is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects
َِ ُ ِ
ِ
things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that
ْ
ْ
have meaning such as ٛ أس ‘opinion’ or ٌيػ ‘knowledge’.
َ ِ
ْ
َ
َ
emtv tv VPAPitrtha bAczaPmoP غ فاّ ٌ ازٕ
َ
ِ
ْ
َ
َ ْ
The table below shows the properties of the ) ازٕ( ج ساشلإا ٌعا
َ
َِ ُ ِ
ِ
Indicates,points to
َ ُ
َ
ٚىإ جساشلإا
َ
the near ِ ِ
ْ
َ
ْ
ةٝشقىا
ُ
The masculine ِ
ْ
ََّ
شمزَىا
ُ
ُ
the singular
ْ
ُ
ُ
دشفَىا
َ ُ
َ َ
ْ ْ
The جساشلإا ٌعا is ٌ حفشؼٍ (definite).
َِ ُ ِ
ِ َ
ِ
3
It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect و قاػ or
َ
ِ
َْ
things that do not possess intellect وقاػشٞغ.
َ ُ
ِ
ْ
ْ ْ
Interrogative or Questioning Noun ًاٖفرعإ ٌعا -اٍ
َ ِ ِ
ِ َ
The Interrogative Noun ‘اٍ’ is used to ask a question about something
َ
ْ َ
that does not possess intellect وقاػشٞغ and it always comes at the
َ ُ
ِ
beginning of a sentence. When a word comes at the beginning of a
ْ
َ ْ
sentence it is called in Arabic حيَجىاسذص.
ُ ُ
ِ ْ َ
َ
What is this? ؟ ازٕ اٍ
َ
َ
ْ ْ َ
ُ
ْ َ ْ ُ ْ
ًاٖفرعلإا جضَٕ ، ًاٖفرعلإا فشح- أ
َ
َ ِ ْ َ ِ َ
ِ ِ ِ ِ
Particle/Letter of interrogation or questioning or also known as the
Interrogative Hamzah.
ْ
ُ
ْ َ
The ًاٖفرعلإا جضَٕ comes at the beginning of the sentence as do all the
َ
َ ِ ْ
ِ ِ
nouns or particles of questioning. It can be used to ask a question about
those possessing intellect as well as the things that do not possess
intellect.
َ
َ
ْ
Is this a h ouse? ؟دٞت ازٕ أ
َ
َ
َ
َ َ
Is this a boy? ؟ذىٗ ازٕ أ
َ
َ
ُ ْ َ
Letter of answer or re ply با٘ج فشح- ٌؼّ
َ َ ْ َ
َ
َ ُ ْ
Letter/particle of answer and ne gation ٜفّ ٗ با٘ج فشح- لا
ِ َ َ
َ
ِ
َ
The particle of reply ٌؼّ is used to reply to a question with affirmation
ْ َ
whereas the particle لا is used to reply to a question with negation.
َ
َ َ َ
Is this a pen? ؟ٌيق ازٕ أ
َ
ََ َ
َ
nPv wmtv tv h sPA . ٌيق ازٕ،ٌؼّ
َ
ْ َ
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