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                                         Explorations in Language
                                                Acquisition and Use
                                                                            i
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                                      Explorations in Language
                                              Acquisition and Use
                                                   THETAIPEILECTURES
                                                         Stephen D. Krashen
                                                                    HEINEMANN
                                                                  Portsmouth, NH
                                                                            iii
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                                             Heinemann
                                             Adivision of Reed Elsevier Inc.
                                             361HanoverStreet
                                             Portsmouth, NH03801–3912
                                             www.heinemann.com
                                             Offices and agents throughout the world
                                             

                                             C 2003byStephenD.Krashen
                                             All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
                                             electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
                                             without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote
                                             brief passages in a review.
                                             LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
                                             Krashen, Stephen D.
                                               Explorations in language acquisition and use : the Taipei lectures / Stephen Krashen.
                                                  p.  cm.
                                               Includes bibliographical references and index.
                                                  ISBN0-325-00554-0
                                               1. Language and languages—Study and teaching.      2. Language acquisition.   I. Title.
                                               P51.K666 2003
                                                   ′
                                               418 .0071—dc21                                                            2002013703
                                             Editor: Lois Bridges
                                             Production: Elizabeth Valway
                                             Cover design: Joni Doherty
                                             Typesetter:TechBooks
                                             Manufacturing: Steve Bernier
                                             Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
                                             07 06 05 04 03 VP 1 2 3 4 5
                                                                                                iv
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                                                                 Contents
                                  INTRODUCTION       vii
                                  1PrinciplesofLanguageAcquisition               1
                                            Part 1: Theory    1
                                            Part 2: Applications   6
                                            Notes    14
                                  2FreeVoluntaryReading:StillaVeryGoodIdea                   15
                                            Research on Free Reading     15
                                            Light Reading As a Bridge    22
                                            OtherAdvantagesofReading         22
                                            Motivating Students to Read     24
                                            SomeInnovations      25
                                            Conclusion     26
                                            Notes    26
                                  3       CurrentIssuesandControversies:DoesGrammarTeaching
                                          Work?WhatAbout“ComprehensibleOutput”?               30
                                            TheRoleofGrammar         30
                                            ComprehensibleOutput?        59
                                            Notes    65
                                  4HowReadingandWritingMakeYouSmarter,or,HowSmart
                                          PeopleReadandWrite        68
                                            HowWeGetSmart          68
                                            SomeNotesonIncubation         69
                                            TheResearchonLearningbyProblemSolving            70
                                            ReadingandCognitiveDevelopment          72
                                            Writing and Cognitive Development       73
                                            Oral Language     77
                                            Conclusion     78
                                            Obstacles    79
                                            Notes    80
                                                                            v