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                                                                                                                                                                                                 Diesel Fuels Technical Review
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                           Chevron Products Company                                                                                                                                 on Pr
                           6001 Bollinger Canyon Road
                           San Ramon, CA 94583                                                                                                                                      oduct
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           www.chevron.com/products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/diesel                                                                                                                  omp
           Chevron Products Company is a division of a                                                                                                                              an
           wholly owned subsidiary of Chevron Corporation.                                                                                                                          y
           © 2007 Chevron Corporation. All rights reserved.
           Chevron is a trademark of Chevron Corporation.
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               10M  CBRES IDC 4332  06/07                                                                                                                   MS-9115 (06-07)
      The products and processes referred to in this document are trademarks, registered trade-
      marks, or service marks of their respective companies or markholders.
      Written, edited, and designed by employees and contractors of Chevron Corporation:  
      John Bacha, John Freel, Andy Gibbs, Lew Gibbs, Greg Hemighaus, Kent Hoekman, Jerry Horn,  
      Andy Gibbs, Michael Ingham, Larry Jossens, David Kohler, David Lesnini, Jim McGeehan,  
      Manuch Nikanjam, Eric Olsen, Roger Organ, Bill Scott, Mark Sztenderowicz, Andrea Tiedemann, 
      Chuck Walker, John Lind, Jacqueline Jones, Deborah Scott, and Jennifer Mills.
      Diesel Fuels Technical Review  
      © 2007 Chevron Corporation. All rights reserved.
      Cover Image provided courtesy of, and copyright by Freightliner. All rights reserved.
           Diesel Fuels Technical Review
 
                                    Table of Contents
                                                                           Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i                                                                                                                                                                        5•Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel Fuel Specifications 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           and Test Methods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
                                                                           1 • Diesel Fuel Uses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1                                                                                                                                                                                                  Specifications
                                                                                                Related Products                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ASTM International
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 The European Union 
                                                                           2•Diesel Fuel and Driving Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Premium Diesel
                                                                                                Starting                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Biodiesel Fuel Standards
                                                                                                Power                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Test Methods
                                                                                                Noise
                                                                                                Fuel Economy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 6•Diesel Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
                                                                                                Wear                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Four-Stroke Cycle
                                                                                                Low-Temperature Operability                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Compression Ratio
                                                                                                Fuel Stability – Filter Life                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Combustion Chambers
                                                                                                Smoke                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Turbocharging, Supercharging, and Charge Cooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Fuel Injection Systems
                                                                           3•Diesel Fuel and Air Quality  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10                                                                                                                                                                                                              Electronic Engine Controls
                                                                                                Progress                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Two-Stroke Cycle
                                                                                                Legislation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Diesel Engines and Emissions
                                                                                                Administration/Regulation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Emission Reduction Technologies
                                                                                                Air Quality Standards
                                                                                                Vehicle Emissions                                                                                                                                                                                                                            7•Diesel Fuel Additives  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
                                                                                                               Sources                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Types of Additives
                                                                                                               Limits                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Use of Additives
                                                                                                               Future Limits
                                                                                                               Diesel Fuel Effects                                                                                                                                                                                                           Appendix  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
                                                                                                Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Specifications for Other Mid-Distillate Products
                                                                                                Diesel Fuel Dyeing in the U.S.                                                                                                                                                                                                               Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
                                                                           4•Diesel Fuel Refining and Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25                                                                                                                                                                                                 Sources of More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
                                                                                                Refining Processes                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Abbreviations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
                                                                                                The Modern Refinery
                                                                                                Blending                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
                                                                                                About Hydrocarbons 
                                                                                                Other Compounds
                                                                                                Diesel Fuel Chemistry
                                                                                                Chemistry of Diesel Fuel Instability
                                                                                                Biodiesel Fuel
                                                                                                Issues Regarding the Use of Biodiesel
                                                                                                Gas-to-Liquid Diesel
                                                                                                Other Diesel Fuel Products