What do we know? 
       Translation and Language Learning, with Kirsten Malmkjaer and Mar 
       Gutiérrez. Luxembourg: European Commission, 2013. 
       -  Questionnaire: 963 teachers and academics
       -  Additional submissions: 101 
       -  Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom, 
          Australia, China, United States
       Why not use translation? 
       -  Translating is old-fashioned, used for classical languages.
       -  Translating is not communicative.
       -  Translating stops students from thinking in L2.
       -  Translating takes time away from more valuable learning activities.
       -  Translating is for professionals only.
       Where are your students going? 
       -  Language subject 1: 160 students.
       -  Language subject 3: 25 students.
       -  Language subject 5: 39 students.
       -  Language subject 7: 18 students
       -  Language subject 9: 6 students.
       Why use translation? 
       -  Translating is old-fashioned, used for classical languages.
       -  It can be used in many new ways, for any languages.
       -  Translating is not communicative.
       -  Don’t translators and interpreters communicate?
       -  Translating stops students from thinking in L2.
       -  Adult learners are thinking in L1 anyway.
       -  Translating takes time away from more valuable learning activities.
       -  Translating can teach many valuable things. 
       -  Translating is for professionals only.
       -  It is one of the things that people actually do with a language, at all 
          levels.
       How not to use translation 
       -  To repeat in L2 everything that has been said in L1. 
       -  To get students to give the one true correct translation. 
       -  To get students spending hours going between texts in L1 and L2.