from Monopoly to Oligopoly of Violence
                        i
         from Monopoly to Oligopoly of Violencefrom Monopoly to Oligopoly of Violence
                From Monopoly 
                   to Oligopoly 
                    of Violence
          Exploration of a Four-Point Hypothesis 
         Regarding Organised and Organic Militia 
                         in Kenya
                       Mutahi Ngunyi, PhD
                    Musambayi Katumanga, PhD
                              i
       from Monopoly to Oligopoly of Violencefrom Monopoly to Oligopoly of Violence
               From Monopoly to Oligopoly:
        Exploration of a Four-Point Hypothesis Regarding Organized and Organic 
                    Militia in Kenya
                    Copyright © 2014
         All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, 
         distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including 
         photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, 
       without the prior written permission of the author, except in the case of brief 
       quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non-commercial 
                 uses permitted by copyright law.
                     Disclaimer:
         All material contained reflects the views of the authors and do not 
       necessarily reflect the views of the UNDP or of the United Nations, or of the 
                   Government of Kenya.
                     Published by: 
                      UNDP
                  ISBN 978-9966-078-445 
                       ii
         from Monopoly to Oligopoly of Violence
                        DEDICATION;
                      Dedicated to the memory of 
                   Prof. George Saitoti former minister for 
                      Internal Security under whose 
                    watch this study was commissioned.
                              iii