THOMAS, DAVID TRAVIS, Ph.D. The Effect of a High Dairy Diet, Dairy 
         Supplementation, and Resistance Exercise on Increasing Lean Body Mass and 
         Decreasing Fat Mass in Overweight Women. (2009)  
         Directed by Dr. Cheryl Lovelady. 177 pp. 
          
          
          
            Previous reports suggest that high dairy calcium diets help augment total and 
         regional fat loss in obese women. Other reports suggest that timed protein ingestion 
         before and after resistance exercise can augment lean body mass as a result of resistance 
         training. The objective of this study was to examine both the calcium/fat loss and the 
         protein supplement hypothesis in overweight women with chronic low calcium diets who 
         participated in a resistance training program with calorie restriction. Participants (age = 
         36.6 ± 4.7; African American 57.7%, White 30.8%, 11.5% other) with a BMI of 29.1 ± 
         2.2 kg/m² were randomized to low calcium (LC) (≤ 500 mg; n=13) or high calcium (HC) 
         (≥1200 mg; n=13) and yogurt (YOG) or control (CONT) supplements. All participants 
         received reduced calorie (250 kcal deficit) diets. Six dietary recalls were obtained by a 
         multi-pass approach provided by Nutrition Data System software. Body composition was 
         measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, waist circumference, and sagittal 
         diameter. Participants completed 16 weeks of whole body resistance training three times 
         per week. Mean weight loss in the total sample trended toward significance (1.9 kg; p = 
         0.06) and corresponded to significant caloric reduction from baseline (p = 0.001). The 
         prescribed mean calcium intake was achieved for each study group (LC = 469.0 ± 148.3 
         and HC = 1297.0 ± 181.5 mg) with no significant changes in protein intake over time (LC 
         = 0.92 and HC = 1.02 g/kg, p = 0.21). Fat mass index (LC = 12.3 to 11.0 and HC = 13.0 
         to12.2 fat kg/m²), trunk fat (LC = 1.74 to 1.54 and HC = 1.68 to 1.55 kg), waist 
                            
          
         circumference (LC = 88.4 to 85.0 and HC 84.6 to 82.3 cm), and sagittal diameter (LC = 
         27.1 to 25.8 and HC = 25.6 to 24.4 cm) all significantly decreased over time (p ≤ 0.05) 
         with no group differences (p ≥ 0.37). Total lean change (YOG = 0.9 ± 1.3 and CONT = 
         1.1 ± 1.0) increased significantly over time (p = 0.001) but not by group. These data 
         suggest that high dairy calcium diets and pre/post-yogurt supplementation offer no added 
         benefit in reducing fat or increasing lean indices when combined with resistance training 
         and caloric restriction. 
                            
          
           THE EFFECT OF A HIGH DAIRY DIET, DAIRY SUPPLEMENTATION AND 
            RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON INCREASING LEAN BODY MASS AND 
                DECREASING FAT MASS IN OVERWEIGHT WOMEN 
                            
                            
                           by 
                       David Travis Thomas 
                            
                            
                      A Dissertation Submitted to 
                     the Faculty of the Graduate School at 
                  The University of North Carolina at Greensboro 
                       in Partial Fulfillment 
                    of the Requirements for the Degree 
                       Doctor of Philosophy 
                            
                         Greensboro 
                          2009 
                            
                            
                           Approved by 
                            
                           ____________________________________ 
                           Committee Chair 
                            
          
                                     
                                                                                            APPROVAL PAGE 
                                                                                                             
                                                                                                             
                                                This dissertation has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of 
                                    The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.  
                                                 
                                                 
                                                            Committee Chair ______________________________________ 
                                                                                                            Cheryl Lovelady 
                                                 
                                                            Committee Members ___________________________________ 
                                                                                                            Ron Morrison  
                                                 
                                                                                                 
                                                                                                ___________________________________ 
                                                                                                            Martha Taylor 
                                                 
                                                 
                                                                                                ___________________________________ 
                                                                                                            Laurie Wideman  
                                                 
                                                 
                                                 
                                                 
                                                 
                                                 
                                                ____________________________ 
                                                Date of Acceptance by Committee                              
                                                 
                                                ____________________________ 
                                                Date of Final Oral Examination 
                                           
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