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Are Teachers
Responsible for
Low Achievement
by Poor Students?
by DAVID C. BERLINER
“The problems of achievement
among America’s poor are much
more likely to be located outside the
school than in it.”
18 KAPPA DELTA PI RECORD u FALL 2009
18 KAPPA DELTA PI RECORD u FALL 2009
c
ers of the o Chld Left ehd CL l bsed of such troubled people Is ths techer proble or
ther support o the belef tht techers d dstr socetl proble
tors prrl ere resposble for lo le els of che e Fe of us bele e tht ler s es th ch
et b Aerc’s poor ut ths oesded e bout tooth or blurred so ut detl d so cre re lso
ho s resposble for the to’s che eet p s deute o the poor I socet l
e ours th
both deute d usupported b the e dece I hous sereto bsed o coe d ehborhood
ht follos I rue tht hrsh socl polces d the schools to ser e those sereted coutes t s ot
percous effects of po ert re ore resposble for the surprs to see hher rtes of school probles relted
probles e see our schools th re techers d d to deute edcl cre schools tht ser e poorer
strtors Tht s the probles of che eet o fles These re outsdeofschoolfctors OFs tht
Aerc’s poor re uch ore l
el to be locted outsde techers cot cotrol
the school th t ee erler 2009 for refereces edcl surce could of course oderte soe
relted to dt cted ths ess of the effects ust oted ut loe o dustrled
tos Aercs h e tes of llos of usured
Health Care d Po ert d udersured fles O the other hd becuse
Afrc Aercs for eple re lost tce s l
el schools tht ser e poor d ort chldre re ost
s Europe Aercs to h e Lo rth eht L he l ffected b lc
of edcl surce those
chld d the re lost three tes ore l
el to h e schools c epect to be the ost pro ed should
er Lo rth eht chld L chldre dspl the ted ttes follo throuh o tol helth
cot e d beh orl dffcultes soo fter brth ofte pl s t s o coteplt I ould bet lot ore
due to heorrh d oe defceces ffect o test scores pro for the poor s fucto of
br fucto prtculrl eor Ao L chldre u ersl edcl co ere th of e currculu or
of ll rces d clsses the correlto betee brth ssesset pl
eht d I¡ or estto te d I¡ s bout 00
As roup L chldre h e I¡s bout 11 pots loer Food Insecurity d Ache eet
th those bor t or bo e orl brth eht hch About 1 llo households h e dffcult pro d
lts che eet for the chld ecuse rtes of L eouh food for ll ther ebers About oe thrd of
chldre re hher o the poor d poor chldre these foodsecure hoes ere clssfed s h er
re cocetrted cert schools che eet t those lo food securt cteor represet ore se ere
schools s lted through no fault of the teachers. depr to I reter th 20 percet of these house
Alcohol d crette use lso re hher o holds oe or ore ebers reported tht o three or
pret oe ho re poor esur tht ther ore ds per oth the hd oth to et As s
chldre ll h e reduced hed crcuferece reduced true for ll OFs tht pct educto f rtes of food
cortcl r tter d reduced totl br olue s securt ere dstrbuted rdol throuhout the
esured b RIs t
e t school e ethphet populto schools ould h e lttle trouble hdl
such probles ut ths s ot the cse
e use b poorer oe dur prec cuses I coprso to
ddtol coplctos Dbetes or the be of the tol ere rtes of food securt ere foud
dbetes s ore coo o poorer oe dur to be tes hher households th coes belo
ther preces Ths too et el flueces the the offcl po ert le 2 tes hher households
beh or of ther chldre lter lfe th chldre heded b sle oe 2 tes hher
If flu shots re ot free poor people do ot rece e o blc
households d lost 2 tes hher
the s freuetl s do people ho re better off ¢et o spc households Are techers rell respo
flue the frst hlf of prec s ssocted th sble for ths stte of ffrs
rte of schophre three tes tht foud the eerl Eperts s there ests o “sfe” le el of deute
populto hle flue dur the frst trester s utrto for ro chldre The pot out tht e e
ssocted th rtes of schophre tht re se e tes utrtol defceces of relt el short durto—
the orl rtes the populto Clerl etl prob ssed bre
fst deute luch—pr chldre’s
les th the dfferet coe roups socet re blt to fucto d ler The rue tht uderour
ot rdol dstrbuted hle e er school hs ts shre shed chldre becoe ore pthetc d h e pred
of prets d chldre th etl probles schools cot e cpct serousl eoprd ll other est
tht ser e the poor h e to del th lrer percete ets e
e educto for poor chldre
KAPPA DELTA PI RECORD u FALL 2009 19
KAPPA DELTA PI RECORD u FALL 2009 19
Pollution and Its Effects o the Poor Ar polluto lso ffects school The outh ro sec
Reos th hh cocetrtos of ercur h e bee to of e ¢or
Ct hs sth pre lece rte of 21–2
dsco ered ll roud the coutr The le els of cot percet Four or hhs cut throuh the re t or
to reched these “hotspots” re
o to cuse br ct r
et th the sector soe 12000 truc
s roll d
d er e de de elop fetuses d ou chl out dl Desel truc
s re the probble cuse of the lr
dre About £ percet of Aerc oe of chldber l hh rtes of sth sptos o schooled
e h e ercur le els ther blood tht could hr chldre tht ct Asth duced b poor r ult s
ther bbes f the ere to becoe pret ut these OF drectl ffect school ttedce d thus cotrb
re ot rdo cross secto of Aerc otherstobe ut to loer d dul d school le els of che eet
d ther hoes re ot scttered rdol throuhout Pollutts of ll
ds r pestcdes PCs led ercur
the ld¤ the ffected popultos re dsproportotel d so forth ted to be hhest the er ctes d o rurl
poor d ort frs here the poor l e the retest ubers Thus the
Led s other eurolocl to Deterorted leded helth of chldre those coutes s coprosed ore
pt d ele ted le els of ledcotted house dust freuetl d ore se erel th s the helth of chldre
re foud bout ¥ llo hoes th ou chl fro elther suburbs
dre As result there re bout hlf llo ledposoed
chldre the ted ttes d hue but ucouted Family Violence d Po ert
uber of dults ho h e l ed l es of loer ult be etee d 10 llo chldre tess fl olece
cuse the ere ffected b ths hhl toc etl ech er These chldre re foud to suffer sptos
The urb orthest hs hh percete of hous tht reseble posttrutc stress dsorder The sho
bult he cosderble out of led pt s co cresed rtes of bedett or htres d the re
o These bulds re o hoe to lre cocetrtos t reter rs
th ther peers of h lleres sth
of poor d ort chldre ot surprsl the proble strotestl probles hedches d flu There s
of led poso s especll drtc these loctos d ple e dece tht stress dur chldhood becuse of
ther schools fce sfct chllees I Pro dece Rhode po ert fl olece pretl depresso reecto
Isld for eple 20 percet of the chldre ho etered b cret
ers d slr ssues hs phsolocl effects
derrte 200 ere foud to be led posoed ch the horol le els d the rchtecture of
Lole el clcll sptotc led poso hs chld’s br Lo d secure reltoshps th cre
lfelo hrful effects clud dshed ler cpc ers erl lfe led to etll d phsolocll helth
t d beh orl probles such s tteto defct dsorder er chldre
d hperct t E e lo doses of led c lt prospects Po ert s rs
fctor the de elopet of oppos
for eploet d stte hole ethc or rcl tol deft d coduct dsorders cres b 10 per
roup s “lo blt” he the re ore ccurtel cet the l
elhood of outh cott serous cre
clssfed s “hh led” There s o sfe le el of led ¢outh trset po ert prtculr see to eterl
the hu bod E e sll doses fro pt o tos or e ther crcustces these s O the other hd
cosetcs h e the poer to subtl hr chldre outh cosstet po ert re proe to terl ther
Polchlorted bphels PCs clss of copouds stress The fest pschosotc probles d those
lso
o s dos h e effects o er ous sste ssocted th et d depresso
de elopet ebor o
es eposed to PCs shoed
persstet d sfct defcts eurolocl de elop Neighborhood d Po ert
et clud sul recoto shortter eor d rb dellers
o tht ehborhoods h e chrcter
ler tudes th hus report et e ssoctos stcs hch proote or reduce cre d de t outh
betee pretl PC eposure d esures of cot e beh or chools hose ttedce boudres clude
fucto fc or chldhood Posttl PC eposure dsfuctol ehborhoods therefore fce fr reter
s ssocted th decresed cot e fucto erl chllees urtur studet che eet th do those
chldhood Those ost l
el to be eposed to PCs re tht dr studets fro helther ehborhoods I the frst
those l closest to ste dupstes d ste cer hlf of 200 for eple 2 publc school studets ere
tors These re tpcll chldre of the loer socl clsses urdered Chco Ths relt hd profoud effects o
Ther eurolocl helth hs bee coprosed b OFs the chldre d the techers t ech of the schools ffected
d ths ltto ffects ther schools’ perforce de d t cotues to
e tech t those schools uch
pedet of the tlets of the techers t the ste ore probletc
20 KAPPA DELTA PI RECORD u FALL 2009
ehborhoods lso re ot sttc About £¥ percet of ll
chldre the ted ttes h e bee ther curret hoe
for s oths or less ut tht rte clbs to ore th 10
percet o poor chldre I fct 0 percet of the to’s
poorest chldre h e tteded t lest three dfferet schools
b thrd rde
Trset studets h e ore beh orl probles d
the ore the o e the reter the se ert of those probles
After cotroll for other studet chrcterstcs those ho
o e three or ore tes betee the es of – re 20 per
cet less l
el th oo ers to rdute hh school dl
those studets ho st t schools th hh turo er rtes
suffer cdecll s ell Throuh o fult of the stff schools
d techers tht ser e poor chldre h e etr burde
ul
el to be fed b CL
David C. Berliner
Conclusion Reets’ Professor of Educto Aro tte erst
The effects of OFs o locoe studets
e the I ted to Lurete Chpter 199
ob of school those studets uch ore dffcult The dt
I preseted suests tht uch of the che eet p tht D d C erler hs tuht t the erstes of Ar
s the focus of eductol polc s cused b these OFs o d sschusetts t Techers Collee d tford
d thus schools s the re ordrl cofured re ot erst s ell s t u erstes Austrl the ether
posto to elte ths p Ths of course s ot ru lds p d terld Dr erler s eber of
et st pro tech d school Aerc the tol Acde of Educto Fello of the Ceter
ut CL cot do tht becuse t s ftll fled It
es for Ad ced tud the eh orl ceces d pst
schools ccoutble for che eet thout rerd for fctors presdet of both the Aerc Eductol Reserch As
o er hch schools h e lttle cotrol Perhps ths s h CL socto AERA d the D so of Eductol Pscholo
hs fled to sho reductos the specfc che eet ps of the Aerc Pscholocl Assocto APA s reserch
o hch t s focused terests clude school ouchers hhst
es test
The stuto s ot l
el to et better becuse our curret clssroo tech d ler techer educto d
ecretr of Educto Are Duc 2009 does’t see to eductol polc
uderstd the costrts he recetl sd “here e h e Ao the rds he hs rece ed for hs dstushed
schools here chldre cot be successful I th
e s cotrbutos re the E L Thord
e Ard for lfete
eductors ute fr
l re t fult e perpetute po ert d che eets fro APA the l crber Ard for flu
e perpetute socl flure” Techers do’t do th of the ec th
d reserch bout ler d structo
d Are© The like all other mericans who ote re otl re fro AERA the Fred of Educto Ard fro the
sposble for perpetut po ert d socl flure cotrst tol Educto Assocto EA d the Chrles Elot
to other dustrled coutres tht h e o ercoe these s Ard for hs outstd d peret cotrbuto to
sues ut ou should stop putt resposblt for the che e educto t ll le els fro the e Eld Assocto of
et p o techers s dd the lst dstrto Tht’s chools d Collees
ptetl ro s ell s esprted d sult orse e hs uthored ore th 200 rtcles boo
s d
t llos our to to od cofrot the OFs tht chpters the felds of eductol pscholo techer
cotrbute to the che eet p betee poorer d ore educto d eductol polc clud the bestseller
ecoocll d ted studets I d Aerc’s The Manufactured Crisis
th § ddle d s edtos
techers should be bled for ol oe th—ot help to of the tetboo
Educational Psychology th L ¨e
elect poltcs ore eble to leslto tht llos ore s eest boo
Collateral Damage th hro chols
chldre to eter school helth d ble to ler s bout the corrupto of professol eductors throuh
Refereces hhst
es test
erler D C 2009 Poerty and potential: ut-of-school factors and school success oulder
CO d Tepe Aª¤ Educto d the Publc Iterest Ceter erst of Colordo «
Educto Polc Reserch t Aro tte erst A lble t¤ http:epicpolicy.org Recet or
pulicationpoerty-and-potential. chols L d D C erler 200 Collateral damage: How high-stakes testing cor-
Duc A 2009 Tl
of the to shto DC¤ tol Publc Rdo §ue 9 rupts merica’s schools. Cbrde A¤ r rd Educto Press
KAPPA DELTA PI RECORD u FALL 2009 21
KAPPA DELTA PI RECORD u FALL 2009 21
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