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          EDUCATION
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                                                                                                                    SROOM INSTRUC
                          RESEARCH-BASED STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT                              TION T
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                          What works in education? How do we know? How can teachers find out? How                   A                                                                          Robert J. Marzano
                                                                                                                                                                                               Robert J. Marzano
                          can educational research find its way into the classroom? How can we apply                T
                          it to help our individual students?                                                        WORKS    
                          Questions like these arise in most schools, and busy educators often don’t have
                          time to find the answers. Robert J. Marzano, Debra J. Pickering, and Jane E.                                                                                         Debra J. Pickering
                                                                                                                                                                                               Debra J. Pickering
                          Pollock have examined decades of research findings to distill the results into nine
                          broad teaching strategies that have positive effects on student learning:                  ●
                                         ● Identifying similarities and differences.
                                         ● Summarizing and note taking.                                             MARZANO    PICK                                                            Jane E. Pollock
                                                                                                                                                                                               Jane E. Pollock
                                         ● Reinforcing effort and providing recognition.
                                         ● Homework and practice.
                                         ● Nonlinguistic representations.
                                         ● Cooperative learning.
                                         ● Setting objectives and providing feedback.
                                         ● Generating and testing hypotheses.
                                         ● Questions, cues, and advance organizers.
                          This list is not new. But what is surprising is finding out what a big difference it
                                                                                                                    E
                          makes, for example, when students learn how to take good notes, work in groups,           RING    POLL
                          and use graphic organizers.The authors provide statistical effect sizes and show
                          how these translate into percentile gains for students, for each strategy.And each
                          chapter presents extended classroom examples of teachers and students in action;
                          models of successful instruction; and many “frames,” rubrics, organizers, and charts                      RESEARCH-
                          to help teachers plan and implement the strategies.                                                       BASED STRATEGIES
                                                                                                                    OCK             FOR INCREASING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
                             VISIT US ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB:
                                     http://www.ascd.org
                          Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
                          Alexandria,Virginia USA
                                                   Robert J. Marzano
                                                   Robert J. Marzano
                                                   Debra J. Pickering
                                                   Debra J. Pickering
                                                   Jane E. Pollock
                                                   Jane E. Pollock
             RESEARCH-
             BASED STRATEGIES
             FOR INCREASING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
                        Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development  •  Alexandria, Virginia  USA
        00--Frt Matter--ii-vi(e-bo).qxd  2/7/05  7:59 AM  Page 2
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                                               Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
                                               (for paperback book)
                                               Marzano, Robert J.
                                                  Classroom instruction that works : research-based strategies for increasing student
                                               achievement / Robert J. Marzano, Debra J. Pickering, Jane E. Pollock.
                                                    p. cm.
                                               Includes bibliographical references (p.    ) and index.
                                                  ISBN 0-87120-504-1
                                                  1. Effective teaching—United States.     2. Academic achievement—United States—
                                               Statistics.  I. Pickering, Debra.  II. Pollock, Jane E., 1956–     III. Title
                                                    LB1025.3 .M339 2001
                                                    371.102—dc21                                                              00-012007
                                               ______________________________________________________
                                               07 06 05 04 03 02 01           10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
                                    CLASSROOM
                                   CLASSROOM
                                    I NSTRUCTION
                                   I NSTRUCTION
                                    that
                                   that works
                                                works
                                    RESEARCH-BASED STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
                             List of Figures _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iv
                                    1    Applying the Research on Instruction:
                                         An Idea Whose Time Has Come_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1
                             Research-Based Strategies  
                                    2    Identifying Similarities and Differences_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13
                                    3    Summarizing and Note Taking _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29
                                    4    Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49
                                    5    Homework and Practice_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60
                                    6    Nonlinguistic Representations _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 72
                                    7    Cooperative Learning _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 84
                                    8    Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 92
                                    9    Generating and Testing Hypotheses _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 103
                                   10    Cues, Questions, and Advance Organizers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 111
                             Specific Applications 
                                   11    Teaching Specific Types of Knowledge _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 123
                                   12    Using the Nine Categories in Instructional Planning _ _ _ 146
                                   13    Afterword _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 156
                             Appendix: Conversion Table for Effect Size/Percentile Gain _ _ _ _ _ _ 159
                             References   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 161
                             Index        _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 174
                             About the Authors _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 177