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Semester-6 Core Course – XII PH6 B19: Computational Physics (54 hrs – 3 credits)
UNIT I. Introduction to Python Programming: 20 Hrs
Concept of high level language, steps involved in the development of a Program –
Compilers and Interpreters - Introduction to Python language, Advantages of Python in
comparison with other Languages - Different methods of using python: Using python as a
calculator, Writing python programs and execution - Inputs and Outputs - Variables,
operators, expressions and statements -- Strings, Lists, list functions (len, append, insert,
del, remove, reverse, sort, +, *, max, min, count, in, not in, sum), sets, set functions(set,
add, remove, in, not in, union, intersection, symmetric difference)-Tuples and Dictionaries,
Conditionals, Iteration and looping - Functions and Modules - File input and file output,
Pickling.
UNIT II . Numerical Methods in physics (Programs are to be discussed in Python) 22 Hrs
General introduction to numerical methods, Comparison between analytical and numerical
techniques - Curve Fitting: Principle of least squares, fitting a straight line - Interpolation:
Finite difference operator, Newton's forward difference interpolation formula, Solution of
algebraic equations: Newton-Raphson method - Numerical differentiation and integration:
Differnce table, Trapezoidal and Simpson's (1/3) method - Solution of differential
equations :Runge Kutta method (Second order) -Taylor's Series : Sin(x) and Cos(x).
UNIT III> Introduction to Computational approach in physics 12 Hrs
(Programs are to be discussed in Python)
One Dimensional Motion: Falling Objects: Introduction – Formulation: from Analytical
methods to Numerical Methods - Euler Method, Freely falling body, Fall of a body in
viscous medium - Simulation of free fall and numerical integration, Two dimensional
motion: Projectile motion (by Euler method)-Motion under an attractive Inverse Squarelaw
force Accuracy considerations .(elementary ideas)(Graphics not required, data may be
presented in table form)
References:
(For Python any book can be used as reference. Moreover a number of open articles are
available freely in internet. Python is included in default in all GNU/Linux platforms and It
is freely downloadable for Windows platform as well. However use of GNU/Linux may be
encouraged).
1. www.python.org
2. Python Essential Reference, David M. Beazley, Pearson Education
3. Core Python Programming, Wesley J Chun, Pearson Education
4. Python Tutorial Release 2.6.1 by Guido van Rossum, Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor. This
Tutorial can be obtained from website
(http://www.altaway.com/resources/python/tutorial.pdf)
5. How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, Allen Downey ,
Jeffrey Elkner , Chris Meyers,
http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkpython.pdf
6. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Dr. B S Grewal, Khanna Publishers,
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Newdelhi (or any other book)
7. Numerical methods for scientists and engineers, K. Sankara Rao, PHI
8. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S.Shastry , (Prentice Hall of
India,1983)
9. Computational Physics, V.K.Mittal, R.C.Verma & S.C.Gupta-Published by Ane
Books,4821,Pawana Bhawan,first floor,24 Ansari Road,Darya Ganj,New Delhi-110
002 (For theory part and algorithms. Programs must be discussed in Python)Programming in Python
Concept Of Programming Language
Microprocessor is the most important part of a computer. With the help of devices and chips a micro-
processor can accept instructions and data. It can manipulate this data to take decisions. The step by step
instructions based on logics to solve a problem is a computer program. The manufacturer will incorporate
the circuits and elements of the microprocessor so that it can perform jobs. Each job is designated with a
number in the binary format. So to use microprocessor we have to feed this number. An instruction set
written with this number and address of memory location is called a Machine Language Instruction.
To solve a problem, we have to develop a detailed and precise step by step method. These steps are
called Algorithm or Logical development of program. Each step in this algorithm can be decoded to
machine language instructions. This sequence of machine language instructions is known as Machine
Language Program. Due to the machine dependency of the language and the difficulty to handle the
numbers, debugging become a difficult task. To avoid this, another language is developed. In this, the
instructions are some combination of two or three characters which have close resemblance to the
corresponding English word for that job. MOV, ADD, HLT etc are examples. A program with this type of
instructions is called Assembly Language. A program in the computer can convert the Assembly Language
to Machine Language is known as Assembler
High Level Language
Writing a program in Machine Language or Assembly Language is tiresome. It needs deep understanding
of hardware and memorising the operational codes. For this many other languages has been developed.
They are generally known as High Level Languages. It is with a set of well defined key words resembling
ordinary English statements, which is capable for direct translation of Algorithm easily. BASIC, FORTRAN,
C++, PYTHON etc are the examples. In this each instruction is with specific rules of usage. It can be used in
any computer regardless of the brand and manufacturer of microprocessor. So this is a machine
independent language. The usage of each instruction or key word is confined with rigid rules. Only if we
write the instructions within these rules, computer can understand it. These rules like grammar rules in
English are known as Syntax Rules. An instruction even if correct in syntax, may led to wrong answers, if it
is not properly used. That is, the instruction is with Semantic Error. For instance, the sentence ‘Marry
plays violin’ is both syntactically and semantically correct whereas ‘Violin plays Marry’ is syntactically
correct, but semantically wrong.
A high level language must have the following features.
1. Well defined permitted character set.
2. Ability to represent and manipulate different date types like integer, float, character etc and objects
like strings, arrays, list etc.
3. A detailed list of operators (arithmetic, logical, conditional etc.) to act on the data.
4. Instructions for control flow structures on decision making, branching, looping etc.
5. A set of syntax rules to frame the correct instruction with key words and symbols permitted by the
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language.
6. A set of semantic rules to assign correct and unambiguous meaning to a statement.
The process of designing, writing, testing, debugging/ troubleshooting, and maintaining the source
code is called computer programming.
The Evolution of Programming Languages
Programming languages fall into three broad categories:
Machine languages
Assembly languages
Higher-level languages
Machine Level Languages
Machine languages (first-generation languages) are the most basic type of computer languages,
consisting of strings of numbers the computer's hardware can use.
Different types of hardware use different machine code. For example, IBM computers use different
machine language than Apple computers.
Assembly Level Languages
Assembly languages (second-generation languages) are only somewhat easier to work with than
machine languages.
To create programs in assembly language, developers use cryptic English-like phrases to represent
strings of numbers.
The code is then translated into object code, using a translator called an assembler.
High Level Languages
Higher-level languages are more powerful than assembly language and allow the programmer to work
in a more English-like environment.
eg:- Ada, Algol,BASIC,COBOL,C,C++,FORTRAN, LISP, PASCAL,PROLOG
First HLL is Plankalkül (Konrad Zuse)
Higher-level programming languages are divided into three "generations," each more powerful than
the last.
Third-generation languages
Fourth-generation languages
Fifth-generation languages
Higher-Level Languages - Third-Generation Languages
Third-generation languages (3GLs) are the first to use true English-like phrasing, making them easier
to use than previous languages.
3GLs are portable, meaning the object code created for one type of system can be translated for use
on a different type of system.
The following languages are 3GLs:
FORTAN, C, COBOL,C++, BASIC, Java, Pascal, ActiveX
Higher-Level Languages - Fourth-Generation Languages
Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are even easier to use than 3GLs.
4GLs may use a text-based environment (like a 3GL) or may allow the programmer to work in a visual
environment, using graphical tools.
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The following languages are 4GLs:
Visual Basic (VB), VisualAge , Authoring environments
Advantages of High Level Languages
closer to human language
user friendly
make programming easier and more abstract, i.e. the
programmer does not need to come up with the detailed machine instructions
machine independent. More portable across platforms.
makes complex programming simpler while LLL
tend to produce more efficient code
Disadvantages of HLL
must be translated into machine language(executable program) by a compiler or interpreter
Programming features like more generic data structures, run time interpretation & intermediate code
files result in
slower execution speed
higher memory consumption
larger binary program size
Complier and Interpreter
A program in high level language is called Source Code. We can
feed this program directly to a computer using any text editor.
But microprocessor can understand only machine language. So there
will be an elaborate computer program to translate the high level
language to machine language. There are two types of translator
program available now. They are Interpreter and Compiler.
An interpreter reads and executes the high level program line by
line. During the execution, if a line is syntactically wrong, it stops the
execution with an error message. After correcting it, again we have
to start from the beginning. During all executions of same program,
computer repeats the same steps, which is highly time consuming.
The mode of operation of compiler is entirely different. Instead of executing an instruction, compiler converts the
entire program in to machine language and stores it to a file. During compilation, the compiler will go through the
entire program and will list out all errors with the line numbers. We can correct it and compile again. If the
program is free from syntax errors, compiler will convert the program to machine language and stores in a location.
We can directly execute the program from this stored file. So we need the compilation only once.
M E S K C PHYSICS
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