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Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development
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Sustainable Development & Planning: Related
Issues to Tourism Development in Libya
Megeirhi, H, Ebohon, J.O.
De Montfort University, UK.
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to critically review key issues in sustainable
tourism planning with the hope of determining their relevance to countries
seeking economic diversification. No doubt the experience of countries that have
successfully developed their tourism will become useful to countries seeking to
develop their tourism sector. Libya is one of such countries that seek economic
diversification away from oil and exploit the huge and abundant natural resource
endowments of coastlines, desserts, historical remains, which can be enhanced
with manmade tourist infrastructures and effective planning. It is expected that
Libya will benefit enorrnously trom the experiences of other countries within and
outside the Arab region in its quest for sustainable tourism development.
Keywords: tourism. sustainable development, planning, natural resource,
strategies
226 Megeirhi, H & Ebohon, J.O
1 Introduction
All economic or industrial activities by their very nature are accompanied by
their impacts on the biophysical environment. Cooper et al (1998) have argued
that tourism, as with other sectors, has as much impact on the biophysical
environment given the embodied resources in tourism infrastructure, planning,
and processes. Thus, why tourism create huge opportunities for economic
diversification with employment and income eaming opportunities (Sharpley and
Telfer, 2002), tourism also has negative impact on the biophysical environment.
Similarly, tourism evokes huge ethical debates, especially the desire to have
local input to tourism planning, and the highly polarised nature of tourism in
terms of the significant amount of revenue accompanying a narrow range of
services. The seasonality of tourism attracts peaklabour demand with
implieations for loeal employment and income generation (Williams and Shaw,
1991). According to UNEP (2008), tourism invites significant negative impact
that can be ameliorated through effective planning, which makes it imperative
that tourism development takes full congnisance of the concept of sustainable
development, and this explains the global emphasis on sustainable tourism.
2 Theoretical Framework
While tourism remains one of the fastest growing industries in the world, it
brings with it a host of major environmental and social problems, which need to
be addressed and resolved to be sustainable (Muhanna, 2006). Natural resouree
depletion and environmental degradation linked to tourism remain a major
problem in many countries that have huge tourism resource endowments (Neto,
2003). Two major areas have been identified by Neto (2003) where the adverse
impact of tourism on the biophysical environment are mostly feIt, and these
come in the huge pressure on natural resourees and damage to the eeosystem.
Tourism is very resouree intensive, exerting huge pressure on land,
freshwater, and marine resourees. In the absence of effective and efficient land
use planning, growth in tourism development can induce intense land
competition, leading to rising land prices. The implication being the increased
pressure that is brought to bear upon agricultural land and naturallandscape,
which often results in the deforestation and the intensive development of eco
sensitive habitat. This has been particularly the case in coastal areas where
tourism development and expansion have been most intensive and prominent.
Water and energy are other natural resources consumed by tourism in huge
amounts. Tourism is extremely water and energy intensive that uncontrolled
tourism can exert huge pressure on these rcsources, which is particularly of
major concems because of competing dcmands from other vital sectors of the
economy. Fresh water availability and supply cannot be taken tor granted in
desert regions Iike the middleeast where water scarcity is acute, and assumes
regional political dimension. Similarly, the impact of tourism on coastal
landscape and marine environment is weil documented. Activities normally
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associated with tourism such as scuba diving, boating, cruise ships amongst
others are very disruptive to the marine environment, especially aquatic life. This
has the potential to damage locallivelihood, particularly fishing.
The adverse effects oftourism on the biophysical environment are not limited
to the intensity of resource consumption but also the associated waste and
pollution. The disposal and management of solid waste associated with tOUfism
has become problematic in many tourist destinations. This has been particularly
the case where the capacity to treat and recycle such wastes are severely limited,
leaving wildlife susceptible and vulnerable (Mastny, 2001).
Thus, tOUfism, especially where uncontrolled can have serious impact on the
environment, which is why there are huge calls for tourism to be developed
sustainably. Also, the calls for sustainable tourism development are predicated
on the fact that environmental degradation and pollution poses huge threats to
tourism development. Examples are abounding of many tourist destinations that
have succumbed to environmental degradation mirrored by ecosystem
deterioration and eventual decline. For example, tourist destinations have been
particularly vulnerable to climate change and the attendant variability in weather
patterns, lending weight to calls for sustainable tourism development (UN, 2001;
WTO, 200 I; Muhanna, 2006). The implication is that tourism must be
sustainably developed in order for a winwin scenario to emerge where by all
the socioeconomic benefits associated with tourism accrue yet the integrity of
the biophysical environment remains intact.
3 Sustainable Tourism
The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) defines sustainable tourism as tourism
which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social
and aesthetic demands are met without having to compromise the sociocultural
and environmental integrity of the biophysical environment, essential ecological
processes, biological diversity, and life support systems (WTO, 2002). While
this definition cmphasiscs the need for tourism to be profitable yet
environmentally sustainable for the attendant longterm benefits to accrue, it will
require a different approach to tourism planning for sustainable tourism to be a
reality.
4 Sustainable Tourism and Planning
Given that sustainable tourism emphasises a balance of social and economic
objectives, which are underpinned by effective environmental management,
effective planning is essential to achieving targets with optimal performance
while at the same time minimising conceivable implementation problems
(Harsse, 1994). Harsse (1994) holds the view that planning for tourism is a
"decisionmaking process aimed at guiding the future actions and problems
associated with tourism development.
& Ebohon, J.O
Megeirhi, H
228
However, planning is not only complex but indistinct, rendering any precise
definition difficult (Wasterson, 1974; Rose, 1984; Hall, 1974; Greed, 1993).
Indeed, some planning experts regard planning to be a complex clustering of
problems that needs to be explored and not defined (Elliott, 1958). Nevertheless,
there is a considerable body of literature that considers planning as a necessary
prerequisite to sustainable tourism development (McKercher, 2003). Conversely,
it is highly debatable whether traditional planning paradigms are sufficiendy
robust and adaptable to meet the requirements of sustainable tourism
development. Several reasons have been advanced for this, including the lack of
flexibility in the traditional planning system, which owes to the logieal and
rational approach to traditional planning that have rendered it rigorous, statie,
and unable to adapt to varying conditions and situations.
Similarly, the traditional planning paradigm and system is also seen as top
down and unable to represent diverse opinions other than the opinions of those
that put the plans together in the first place. This lack of community support
characteristic of traditional planning often makes it difficult to implement given
that those earmarked to benefit trom the planning system cannot take ownership
because they are unable to readily identify with it (Jamieson and Jamal, 1997).
Given this fact, it becomes difficult to link formulation with implementation,
making accountability and measurement of outcomes very difficult (Jamieson
and Jamal, 1997). Therefore, a strategie planning approach is an inevitable
component of sustainable tourism development, and requires a major shift from
the traditional planning paradigm (Janssen et al, 1995).
5 Strategie Planning for Sustainable Tourism Development
For planning to deliver sustainable tourism development it must be strategie and
underpinned by the principles of sustainable tourism. Firstly, it is important to
briefly consider the principles of sustainable tourism. It is a cardinal principle of
sustainable tourism that local communities must take ownership of tourism
development planning, identify with the vision, actively choose and identifY
resources to be maintained and enhanced, and assist in developing aims and
strategies for developing and managing tourism. Such strategies must include
production and management of tourism infrastructure, services, and facilities. In
other words, tourism development initiatives should reflect the yearnings and
aspirations of all stakeholders and their input.
Similarly, tourism development must generate gainful employment, and this
is only possible wirh effective backward and forward linkages with the local
economy. This is particularly the case wirh soft tourism infrastructures such
hotels, restaurants, and shops, which should be developed and managed by the
local populations. This is one of the strategies for ensuring intergenerational and
intragenerational equity in the distribution of costs and benefits associated with
tourism. Also, tourism development strategies and plans must be an integral part
of a broad set of economic development initiatives. This is expected to ensure
effective capacity building to guarantee appropriate balance between the
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