3.   RESEARCH DESIGN
                             3.1     Introduction 
                                     The previous chapter has discussed the relevant literature, along with the 
                             theoretical framework and the hypotheses. This chapter will explain the research 
                             design. A research design is “a blueprint or plan for the collection, measurement, 
                             and analysis of data, created to answer your research questions” (Sekaran & Bougie, 
                             2016, p. 95). In this research, the research design will explain the foundation of the 
                             research, the description of the variables, and the description of the data collection 
                             as well as the method of analysis. 
                             3.2     Foundations of Research 
                                     The  foundations  of  research  are  known  as  the  principle  of  the  research 
                             (Bryman, 2012). This section will discuss the foundations of the research, which 
                             consist  of  the  researcher’s  philosophical  stance,  the  research  methodology  and 
                             methods, and the ethical standard of the research. 
                             3.2.1 Philosophical Stance 
                                     Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2009) state that philosophical stance relates 
                             to the development of knowledge and the nature of knowledge. The foundation of 
                             philosophy in research has two philosophical  stances, which are ontology and 
                             epistemology (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). These two considerations will be defined 
                             in Table 3.1. Regarding the research question, this research will follow objectivism 
                             research doctrine as the ontological position, and positivism research doctrine as 
                             the  epistemological  position.  Therefore,  this  research  will  adopt  a  quantitative 
                             approach.  
                                                             Table 3.1 Philosophical Stances 
                                         Philosophical Stances                             Philosophy of Research 
                               Ontology                                     Objectivism:  Social  phenomena  have  existed  as 
                               The  understanding  of  nature  in  social   independent  social  actors  beyond  control  or 
                               entities.                                    influence. 
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                                                         Table 3.1 Philosophical Stances (continued) 
                                                                                 Constructionism:  Social  actors  are  continually 
                                                                                 accomplishing social phenomena and its meanings. 
                                                                                 Positivist:   A  knowledge  that  advocates  the 
                                 Epistemology                                    application of natural science methods to the study 
                                 The understanding of what is regarded as        of social reality. 
                                 adequate knowledge.                             Interpretivist:  A  knowledge  that  requires  the 
                                                                                 researcher to grasp the subjective meaning of social 
                                                                                 action. 
                                          
                                                                      Source: Bryman (2012) 
                                        
                               3.2.2 Methodology and Method 
                                       Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2009) define research methodology as the 
                               theory of how research should be undertaken. However, research methodology is 
                               completely  different  from  the  research  method,  which  is  known  as  a  selected 
                               technique and procedure to obtain and analyze data (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 
                               2009).  
                                       In this research, the researcher will use a survey as the research methodology. 
                               Fink (2003) defines survey as a “system of collecting information from or about 
                               people to describe, compare, or explain their knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.” 
                               (in Sekaran & Bougie, 2016, p. 97). On the other hand, the research method that is 
                               used  to  collect  the  data  involves  distributing  self-administered  questionnaires. 
                               Bryman (2012) defines a self-administered questionnaire as a set of questions that 
                               the respondent answers without the aid of an interviewer. Therefore, the research 
                               instrument used is a questionnaire distributed to the respondent who continuously 
                               uses OVO.  
                                         For the data processing method, the researcher will use multiple linear 
                               regression analysis.  The explanation of multiple linear regression will be discussed 
                               in the analytical procedures subsection. 
                                                                               
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                               3.2.3 Research Ethics 
                                       According to Cooper and Schindler (2014), ethics is known as “norms or 
                               standards  of  behavior  that  guide  moral  choice  about  our  behavior  and  our 
                               relationship with others.” (p. 28). Furthermore, Cooper and Schindler (2014) state 
                               that the goal of ethics in conducting research is to ensure that no one is getting 
                               offended or harmed upon the consequences of research activities.  
                                       Diener and Crandall (1978) stated that there are four ethical principles, which 
                               will be explained in Table 3.2 (in Bryman, 2012, p. 135). 
                                                                                  
                                                       Table 3.2. The Researcher’s Ethical Principles 
                                     Elements                    Explanation                   How will the researcher comply with 
                                                                                                         ethical standards? 
                                 Protection  from     A preventive action that should       The  researcher  will  not  threaten  the 
                                 Harm                 be conducted to avoid harming  respondents to answer the questionnaire 
                                                      the participant                       without their agreement. 
                                                      Respondents  must  be  provided  The          researcher     will    inform     the 
                                 Informed             with as much information need  respondents  to  about  the  research 
                                 consent              to decide whether they want to  question,  objective,  and  process  of  the 
                                                      be  involved  in  the  research  or   research in the questionnaire. 
                                                      not. 
                                                      Anonymity  means  that  the  The              researcher     will    ensure     the 
                                                      identity   of   the   respondents     confidentiality  of  given  information  by 
                                 Anonymity  and  should  be  protected,  while  not forcing them to reveal their identity 
                                 Confidentiality      confidentiality     means       the   when they are filling the questionnaire. 
                                                      researcher  need  to  protect  the 
                                                      research data. 
                                                      Deception  occurs  when  the  The researcher assures that this research 
                                 No Deception         researcher    represents    other’s   has been made honestly and authentically. 
                                                      works. 
                                        
                                                                      Source: Bryman (2012) 
                                                                                      
                               3.3     Description of Variables 
                                       The previous chapter has explained the conceptual definition of variables. 
                               These variables will be operationalized in this section. Cooper and Schindler (2014) 
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                            define operationalization as “a term we used earlier in discussing how concepts are 
                            transformed into variables to make them measurable and subject to testing” (p. 195).   
                                   The variables that will be operationalized are independent and dependent 
                            variables.    The  independent  variable  is  known  as  “the  one  that  influences  the 
                            dependent variable in either a positive or negative way.” (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016, 
                            p.  97),  while  the  dependent  variable  is  known  for  the  primary  interest  of  the 
                            researcher (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). In this research, there are seven independent 
                            variables, which are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence, 
                            facilitating  condition,  price  value,  perceived  technology  security,  and  personal 
                            innovativeness,  while  the  dependent  variable  is  the  continuance  intention  on 
                            technology use. 
                                             
                            3.3.1 Performance Expectancy 
                                   The first independent variable, which is performance expectancy, is based on 
                            the user’s perceived usefulness in using the technology (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, 
                            & Davis, 2003). The operationalization of this variable will be broken down into 
                            several items in Table 3.3. 
                                                                             
                                            Table 3.3. Performance Expectancy Operationalization 
                                            Dimensions                                       Parameter 
                             Performance      Expectancy:     Evaluates    PE1: Using OVO enables me to pay quickly 
                             whether the m-payment service is capable      PE2:  Using  OVO  is  the  efficient  way  to  do 
                             of  providing  efficiency  and  increasing     payment 
                             productivity for the current users.           PE3: Using OVO is very useful for my daily life 
                                    
                                    Source: Teng, Ling, & Seng (2018); Venkatesh Thong, & Xu (2012) 
                             
                            3.3.2 Effort Expectancy 
                                   The second independent variable, which is effort expectancy, is based on the 
                            users’ perceived of ease of using the provided technology (Venkatesh, Morris, 
                            Davis, & Davis, 2003). The operationalization of this variable is explained in Table 
                            3.5                                    
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