CHAPTER III 
                                                       RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 
                                                                            
                             
                                    This chapter presents the methodology of the study related to research 
                            design, research subject, data collection, technique and instrument to collect the 
                            data, steps to collect the data, and data analysis. 
                                     
                            3.1     Research Design 
                                    Research design refers to the way the data should be collected and analyzed 
                            to  solve  some  problems.  According  to  Ary  (2010),  the  research  design  is  the 
                            researcher’s plan of how to proceed to gain an understanding of some group or some 
                            phenomenon in its context. Educational research is typically classified into two 
                            broad categories: quantitative and qualitative research. Each approach has its own 
                            methodology. Quantitative research uses objective measurement to gather numeric 
                            data that are used to answer questions or test predetermined hypotheses. It generally 
                            requires  a  well-controlled  setting.  Qualitative  research,  in  contrast,  focuses  on 
                            understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in 
                            its natural settings. It does not begin with formal hypotheses, but it may result in 
                            hypotheses as the study unfolds (Ary, 2010).  
                                    The design of this study  was qualitative  because  this  research  aims  to 
                            understand the phenomena or meaning of the research subject by describing it in 
                            the form of words. The result of this study descriptively reported to explain some 
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                           
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                            information about existing conditions according to the research problems. In this 
                            study, the researcher wanted to get information or data in order to  describe the 
                            techniques of teaching reading used by the lecturer in Reading Comprehension 
                            class, the way the lecturer implements the techniques in teaching reading, and how 
                            the students respond toward the techniques of teaching reading used by the lecturer.  
                             
                            3.2     Research Subject 
                                    The  subjects  of  this  study  were  one  lecturer  who  taught  Reading 
                            Comprehension 2, C class at University of Muhammadiyah Malang and all students 
                            in the class. The researcher  insvestigated Reading Comprehension 2, C class at 
                            University  of  Muhammadiyah  Malang  because,  based  on  the  result  of  her 
                            preliminary study, it was found that the students faced some problems concerning 
                            the monotonous techniques used by the lecturer in teaching reading. In this case, 
                            the lecturer gave reading task without giving any explanation before the lesson 
                            began, and those techniques seemed not to be interesting for the students.   
                                     
                            3.3     Data Collection 
                                    Data collection comprises the techniques and instruments and procedures 
                            employed  in  the  research.  According  to  Ary  (2010),  the  most  common  data 
                            collection methods used in qualitative research are observation, interview, and 
                            document or artifact analysis. Artifacts may include audio and video recordings, 
                            photographs, games, artwork, or other items that provide insight related to the 
                            context or participants. 
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                           
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           3.3.1   Techniques and Instruments to Collect the Data 
              In this study, the researcher used three kinds of techniques and instruments 
           to collect the data, namely interview, observation, and questionnaire. 
           3.3.1.1 Interview 
              According to Ary (2010), the interview is one of the most widely used and 
           basic methods for obtaining qualitative data. Interviews are used to gather data from 
           people about their opinions, beliefs, and feelings about situations in their own 
           words. Ary (2010) states that interviews may provide information that cannot be 
           obtained through observation, or they can be used to verify observations. Interviews 
           involve some form of direct contact between the people in the sample group and 
           the interviewer (the researcher or someone trained by the researcher), who presents 
           the questions to each person in the sample group and records their response. 
              Ary (2010) states that there are three types of interview: (1) the structured 
           interview, where each respondent is asked the same set of questions, and the list of 
           questions  is  generally  more  limited  in  length  and  most  questions  cannot  be 
           answered with “yes” or “no” or limited word response. (2) unstructured interview, 
           where  the  questions  arise  from  the  situation,  it  is  sometimes  described  as  “a 
           conversation with a purpose”, and (3) semi structured interview, in which the area 
           of interest is chosen and questions are formulated, but the interviewer may modify 
           the format or questions during the interview process, and the questions are typically 
           open ended (cannot be answered with a yes or no or simple response) and are 
                                                
                                                
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           designed to reveal what is important to understand about the phenomenon under 
           study.  
              In this study, the researcher used a semi structured interview as the data 
           collection technique to collect the data from the English lecturer. By using this 
           interview, the researcher could have more chances to improve the questions and 
           confirm the information. The interview was used to collect the data about the 
           teaching techniques used by the reading lecturer. 
           3.3.1.2 Observation 
              According to Ary (2010), observation is a basic method for obtaining data 
           in qualitative research and is more than just “hanging out.”  Qualitative observations 
           rely on narrative or words to describe the setting, the behaviors, and the interactions. 
           The  goal  is  to  understand  complex  interactions  in  natural  settings.  From  the 
           explanation above, it can be concluded that observation is the way for the researcher 
           to collect the data about something which is happening by seeing, observing, and 
           understanding the object, setting or the phenomena.  
              According to Cresswell (2012), there are two types of observation, namely 
           participant observation and non-participant observation.  A participant observer is 
           an observer who takes  part in activities in the setting he/she observes. In the other 
           words, a participant observer is an observer who lives as a member of the subjects 
           of the study while observing. Besides, a nonparticipant observer is an observer who 
           visits a site and records notes without becoming involved in the activities of the 
           participants.  Hence,  the  observer  does  not  involve  but  the  observer  just  sits, 
           watches, and records about the phenomena under study in surround of that. 
                                                
                                                
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