Introduction
   •Clinical studies showed potential of Stem Cell based 
   therapy in the treatment of some degenerative, 
   autoimmune and genetic disorders.
   •However, application of stem cell based therapy raises 
   some ethical and safety issues
   •In Indonesia, many unproven “treatment” and direct-
   to-customer marketing of different (non human) stem 
   cell interventions were offered in many ways
    Ethical Challenges of h-ESC
    •human embryonic stem cell (h-ESC) research has 
      a major ethical dilemma, since it may be started 
     with destruction of early human embryo. 
    •The pluripotency of h-ESC may generate many 
     different cell types, including teratomas and Risk 
     to get Parkinson
                      Volarevic et al. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2018, Vol. 15 
    Ethical Challenges of i-PSC
    •Research and Clinical Application of Induced Pluripotent 
     Stem Cell (i-PSC) are considered morally better than h-ESC, 
     since it does not require destruction of human embryo
    •Risk of potential exploitation of created embryo, and risk of 
     change natural reproduction including the possibility to 
     derive gametes for same-sex reproduction, as well as in the 
     asexual-reproduction 
    •Risk of transformation in to tumor cells
                       Volarevic et al. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2018, Vol. 15 
    Ethical Challenges of MSC
    •Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) can differentiate 
     into a variety of cell types of mesodermal origin 
     and neuro-ectodermal (neurons, astrocytes, and 
     oligodendrocytes) or endodermal (hepatocytes) 
     origin
    •MSC may promote tumor growth and 
     metastasis, vision loss, detached retina 
                          Volarevic et al. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2018, Vol. 15 
   Regulation in Indonesia
   •The Law No 36 of  2009 regarding Health:
    •Research and clinical application of Human Embryonic 
    Stem Cell (h-ESC)  is not allowed 
    •Cell transplantation, either from human or animal 
    origin, may be applied only if its safety and benefits 
    were approved
    •Stem Cell for reproduction of human being is forbidden