Topics covered
 • Concept, nature and scope of research in social sciences. 
  Types  of  research  fundamental,  applied  and  action 
  research, experimental and non- experimental research.
 • Variables,  types  and  their  measurement.  Selection  and 
  formulation of research problem.
 • Hypothesis–  importance,  selection  criteria  (quality  of 
  workable  hypothesis),  formulation  and  testing  of 
  hypothesis.
       Idea behind this lecture
 
 To increase understanding of key concepts related to data. ..
 
 To enhance idea of data analysis quantitatively.
       
 
 To make statistical thinking popular.     
 
 To increase understanding of theoretical concept of statistics without 
 fear of complex formula.
 
 To enhance idea of data analysis by software. 
 
 Consequently, to develop interest in reading of research articles.
                Data
 
 Data: Facts, especially numerical facts, collected together for reference 
 or information.
 
 Data: Set of observations collected on variable is called data.
 
 A dictionary defines data as facts or figures from which conclusions 
 may be drawn.
 
 It is a collective noun or plural noun.Datum is the singular form of the 
 noun data.
                                                       Type of Data 
  1. Qualitative :  Nonnumeric
  2. Quantitative : Numeric
                           Qualitative Classification of Data
  
     One way classification                                         Class                 Number
                                                                     Rural                     65
                                                                     Urban                      35
                                                                      Total                     100
  
    Two way classification                               Faculty            Boys                 Girls               Total
                                                        Arts                350                  200                 550
                                                        Science             175                  125                 300
                                                        Commerce            100                  50                  150
                                                        Total               625                  375                 1000
  Cont.
  
    Three way classification
    Caste                  Hi    ndu                  Mu      Slim                  Si     Kh                 Chr       istan         Total
    Sex            Boys          Girls          Boys          Girls         Boys           Girls         Boys           Girls
    Class-
    Level
    U. G.          2000          1700           900           400           600            240           200            160           6200
    P. G.          800           200            70            80            80             50            85             35            1400
    Ph. D.         200           100            30            20            20             10            15             05            400
    Total          3000          2000           1000          500           700            300           300            200           8000
  
    Multi way classification