WHAT   IS   A  DNA
                   DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid
                   DNA is a primary genetic 
                     material in living cells.
                    Its structure has two 
                     strands that run in  
                     opposite direction to each 
                     other. 
                      Basic pair
                          Adenine(A) pairs with  
                   Thymine(T)
                          Guanine(G) pairs with  
                   Cytosine(C)
                                
                (Source-Google Images  and Wikipedia)
                                           2
     What  is a Bio-molecular 
    computer
    
      A Bio-molecular (DNA computer )is a molecular 
      computer that works biochemically. It 
      “computes” using enzymes that react with DNA 
      strands, causing chain reactions. The chain 
      reactions act as a kind of simultaneous 
      computing or parallel processing.
    
      DNA computing is utilizing the property of 
      DNA for massively parallel computation. 
                                        
                                     
                     Source-Research paper  by Leonard M. 
                     Adlemann                            3
            INSTRUCTIONS IN DNA
                              Sequence to 
                           indicate the start of 
                             an instruction
           Instructions are coded in a sequence of the DNA 
             bases
           A segment of DNA is exposed, transcribed and 
              translated to carry out instructions
                           Source-Google Images and Wikipedia        4
                  Need For Bio-Computers
      Silicon processors has limited speed
      Limits of Miniaturization of circuits
      Moore’s Law
      Scientist found DNA has capability to be used to 
        build a computer
      Vast availability of Raw Material
                                                        5
                       Past Research
    In 1994, Leonard Adleman (also called ‘Father of 
      DNA Computing’), scientist at the University of 
      California, introduced the idea of using DNA to 
      solve complex mathematical problems.
    He used DNA to solve the extremely complex 
      Hamilton Path Problem(or “The Travelling 
      Salesman Problem”)
    
      In 2002, researchers from the Weizmann 
      Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, 
      unveiled a programmable molecular 
      computing machine composed of enzymes 
                            Source-BBC World Service/Science
      and DNA molecules instead of silicon 
      microchips                                         6