Scientific Management
            Scientific Management
    •                                              th
      Scientific Management or Taylorism, late 19  
      century and early 20th century
       – Part of drive for technological system
       – System consisted not only of devices such as 
         railroads, telephones, or light bulbs, but also people 
         (workers, managers, and customers) and 
         management structures
       – Frederick Taylor started time-motion studies.  
       – He provided theoretical foundations for business 
         management, business administration, or MBA
       – Criticism—it treated workers as machine parts—and 
         praise: it opened management or white collar jobs 
         esp. for women and pioneered industrial psychology 
         and ergonomics.
       – Charlie Chaplin’s Modern Times (1936)
       Manhattan Project
       Manhattan Project
  • Convergence of New Scientific Revolution and 
   Development of Technological System
  • Revolution in Physics: Quantum and Relativity 
   Theories, 1900-1926
  • Nuclear Physics, 1920s and 1930s
  • Discovery of Fission, 1938-1939
  • Rise of American Physics, 1920s and 1930s
  • Manhattan Project: Physics, Engineering, and 
   Management
          Atomic Bomb
          Atomic Bomb
  • Office of Scientific Research and Development 
    (OSRD) under Vannevar Bush, est. June 1941
  • Expansion of Atomic Bomb Project, December 
    1941
  • Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
  • Chicago Pile 1, December 1942
  • Oak Ridge (uranium) and Hanford (plutonium) 
  • Los Alamos under J. Robert Oppenheimer, 
    1943-1945, assembly of bombs
       Use of Atomic Bombs
       Use of Atomic Bombs
  • Some scientists argued against the use of the 
    bomb: 
    – Franck Report of 1945: it would start a nuclear arms 
     race and drive the Soviet Union to get the bomb
  • Truman and his advisors: Use of bomb in Japan 
    would shorten the war, prevent Soviet 
    occupation of Japan, and show American power
  • Some advisors wanted to end the war without 
    the use of the bomb—by allowing Japan to 
    surrender and keep its emperor—but they were 
    overruled.
  • Hiroshima, August 6, and Nagasaki, August 9, 
    1945
  Potsdam Conference, July-August 
  Potsdam Conference, July-August 
           1945
           1945
  • Truman initially went to meeting with 
   Churchill and Stalin to get Russians into 
   war against Japan
  • Once news of atomic bomb test came, he 
   no longer needed Stalin