Alkanes
 Learning Objectives
 Chapter one discusses the following topics and the student by the end of this 
 chapter will:
  Know the classification of hydrocarbon.
 Know general formula of simple alkanes and their names from methane to decane.
 Know the different methods of representing molecular formulas.
 Know the different classes of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  know the hybridization and geometry of alkanes.
 Know the rules for naming branched chain alkanes and how to use them and isomer.
 Know the physical properties of alkanes and factors affecting them.
 Know the different methods used for preparing alkanes.
 Know the different reaction of alkanes.
 Know why are cycloalkanes are special class of  hydrocarbons.
 Know the cis/trans isomerism in cycloalkanes.
 Know the rules for naming cycloalkanes and how to use them.
  know the halogenation reactions of different cycloalkanes.
                                       Alkanes
                             Hydrocarbons ( C,H) 
                Saturated                                Unsaturated
             i.e. contain only                    i.e. contain multiple bonds 
               single bonds                            (double or triple)
  Opened chain              Cyclic          Opened chain                  Cyclic
   e.g. Alkanes       e.g. Cycloalkanes e.g. Alkenes and            e.g. Cycloalkenes 
                                               Alkynes                and Aromatic 
                                                                       compounds
                              Alkanes
    Alkanes : CnH2n+2
      Molecular Formula             Name
      CH4                           Methane
      CH                            Ethane
       2  6
      CH                            Propane
       3  8
      CH                            Butane
       4  10
      CH                            Pentane
       5  12
      CH                            Hexane
       6  14
      CH                            Heptane
       7  16
      CH                            Octane
       8  18
      CH                            Nonane
       9  20
      C H                           Decane
     4 10  22
                            Alkanes
    Representation Of  Molecular Formulae
        Ball and stick model                                                     dash formula
         CHCHCHOH
            3  2   2
        Condensed formula                                                    Bond line formula
    5
                                   Alkanes
  Drawing Alkanes
  Methane                                 Ethane
                               CH                             CHCH
                                  4                              3  3
  Propane                                 butane
                     CHCHCH                           CHCHCHCH
                        3  2   3                         3   2   2  3
  n-Pentane
                       CHCHCHCHCH           CH(CH)CH
                          3   2  2   2   3     3    2 3  3
     6