Key Relations
                                     
     Leadership
      Critical role of top leaders (cannot be out-
        sourced!) 
         Providing development vision
         Organizing technocratic teams
         Affecting how the system works
      Different types of leadership: political, economic 
        and developmental, etc.
     Issues
      Sustainability of “good” (=strong & effective) 
        leaders?; succession problems
      Personal leadership vs. organizational leadership?
                                     
      Types of Leadership and 
      Technocrat Teams
                        Leadership Type            Technocrat Teams
     Japan             Organizational       MOF, EPA, MITI (super-ministry 
     (Late 50s-70s) leadership              for industrial policy)
     S. Korea          Strong personal      EPB (super-ministry), headed 
     (60s-70s)         leadership           by Deputy PM; reporting 
                                            directly to the President
     Malaysia          Strong personal      Prime Minister’s Dept. esp., 
     (80s-90s)         leadership           EPU (super-ministry) & ICU
     Thailand (80s)    Organizational       Four macro core agencies (no 
                       leadership           super-ministry); but, weak 
                                            macro-sector links
                                         
     Technocrats (Central 
     Admin.)
      Developmental coalition btw. leaders and 
        technocrats is crucial (b/c leaders alone cannot 
        design & implement policies)
      Serving as a strategic core center of development 
        management (not just donor management)
     Issues
      The stability of professional civil services often 
        threatened
          Political interference in civil service appointments; 
           technocrats are held “hostages” by political leaders.
      Weak inter-agency coordination (within central 
        admin., central-local admin., private sector, etc.)
      Problems of monitoring & evaluation
                                        
     Technocrats (Central 
     Admin.)
      Limitation in the quality and flow of information, 
        preventing the govt. from making right policy 
        decisions.
      Establishing formal systems & rules does not 
        guarantee their effective functions.
      Problems of corruption
      Capacity constraints: dilemma btw. what should 
        be done (multitude of development challenges) 
        and what can be done (govt. capacity 
        constraints); need for prioritization
      Limited bargaining power against donors; 
        sometimes, donor-driven policy and aid decision