Slideshow Project
                                                           DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2011.04.0068JSP
  • Aim
      –Determine whether: 
          • Force produced by voluntary effort and functional electrical 
           stimulation (FES) add together independently of effort, or
          • Increment in force depends on level of voluntary effort.
  • Relevance
      –FES may augment functional arm and hand movement 
        poststroke.
      –Poststroke neuroprostheses incorporating voluntary 
        effort and FES must consider how forces combine in 
        order to provide appropriate level of stimulation.
  This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Makowski P, Knutson J, Chae J, Crago P. Interaction of poststroke 
  voluntary effort and functional neuromuscular electrical stimulation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50(1):85–98. 
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2011.04.0068
                             Method                            Slideshow Project
                                                       DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2011.04.0068JSP
   • Participants performed isometric force 
      matching tasks under different combinations 
      of voluntary effort and FES.
   • Participants reached steady level of force.
       –While they attempted to maintain constant effort 
         level, FES was applied to augment force.
  This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Makowski P, Knutson J, Chae J, Crago P. Interaction of poststroke 
  voluntary effort and functional neuromuscular electrical stimulation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50(1):85–98. 
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2011.04.0068
                              Results                          Slideshow Project
                                                       DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2011.04.0068JSP
    • Increment in force produced by FES decreases 
       as level of initial voluntary effort increases.
  This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Makowski P, Knutson J, Chae J, Crago P. Interaction of poststroke 
  voluntary effort and functional neuromuscular electrical stimulation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50(1):85–98. 
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2011.04.0068
                           Conclusion                          Slideshow Project
                                                       DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2011.04.0068JSP
     • Potential mechanisms causing change in force 
        output are proposed, but relative contribution 
        of each mechanism is unknown.
  This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Makowski P, Knutson J, Chae J, Crago P. Interaction of poststroke 
  voluntary effort and functional neuromuscular electrical stimulation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50(1):85–98. 
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2011.04.0068