LECTURE NOTES 
                                        
                      For Environmental Health Science  Students 
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                          
             Sanitary Construction II 
                                          
                                          
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                               
                                        
                                        
                                        
                               Esayas Alemayehu 
                                Tadesse Kassie 
                                        
                               Jimma University 
                                        
                                        
             In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, 
                  the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 
                                        
                                     2003 
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
                                        
             Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. 
                               
                               
          Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter 
            Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. 
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
         Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying 
         Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this 
         publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or 
         faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the 
         original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a 
         commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this 
         publication.  
          
         ©2003 by Esayas Alemayehu and Tadesse Kassie 
          
         All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may 
         be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, 
         including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, 
         without written permission of the author or authors. 
          
          
          
          
          
          
          This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or 
                    students and faculty in a health care field. 
                                      Sanitary Construction II    
                                                               Preface 
                                       
                                      This lecture note is designed to meet the needs of students 
                                      and instructors to some extent who are engaged in pursuing 
                                      the Sanitary Construction II course in various universities and 
                                      colleges administered by the Ministry of Education of Ethiopia. 
                                      Text books in this specific area are scarce, learning materials 
                                      few, and usually don’t suit the objectives of the course for 
                                      environmental health students. For these reasons and of 
                                      course others, preparing such a lecture note has an overriding 
                                      importance. 
                                       
                                      The lecture note is assumed to be used by a health center 
                                      team, more specifically by the Environmental Health Team. 
                                      The Environmental Health Team of the given health center 
                                      can be represented by Sanitarians and/or Environmental 
                                      Health Officers. 
                                       
                                      This lecture note consists of 6 chapters. The main theme of 
                                      the chapters is on preliminaries and masonry construction as 
                                      applied mainly in rural areas for water and sanitation providing 
                                      by using locally available materials. 
                                       
                                      This lecture note is not intended to substitute text books or 
                                      any other reference materials. However, the attempt is to 
                                      show clearly that it is the right time to consider the production 
                                      of student centered and problem based teaching materials. 
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                                     Sanitary Construction II    
                                                     Acknowledgments 
                                                                    
                                     We would like to thank The Carter Center for the initiation to 
                                     prepare this lecture note. We are also indebted to staff of the 
                                     school of Environmental Health for reviewing the manuscript 
                                     and providing constructive suggestions. Our final gratitude 
                                     goes to Ato Mamo Wubeshet for reviewing the manuscript 
                                     and providing invaluable comments. 
                                                                  ii