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Soil Assessment and Sampling
October 1, 2001
Page two
INTRODUCTION
The soil assessment requirements and procedures mandated by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the 1997 revision of Chapter 62770, Florida Administrative Code
(F.A.C.) have sometimes been confusing or misinterpreted. In the past three years, there have been
additional changes or clarifications as to where to collect samples, the number of samples to be
collected, how samples are to be collected, preserved, and analyzed, and how to interpret the data.
Consultants and contractors working on petroleum projects must be familiar with the following three
guidance documents related to soil assessment which are available on the BPSS web site
(www.dep.state.fl.us/dwm/programs/pcp/default.htm).
1. “Guidelines for Assessment and Source Removal of Petroleum Contaminated Soil,” dated May
1998.
2. “Chapter 62770, F.A.C. Table IV Interpretation,” dated July 13, 1998.
3. “New Soil Sampling Procedures and Recommended EPA Methods (per changes to USEPA
SW846) and other Quality Assurance Issues for the Division of Waste Management,” dated
July 15, 1998.
This memorandum does not replace or supersede the above guidance documents but
is intended to enhance and better clarify the procedures.
One of the most commonly misunderstood procedures relates to collecting the soil samples for
laboratory analyses. Chapter 62770, F.A.C. mandates the collection of confirmatory soil lab analyses
for a minimum of three vadose zone soil samples per source area representing high, medium, and low
screening results for Gasoline Analytical Group (GAG) and/or Kerosene Analytical Group (KAG)
discharges. The establishment of Method 5035 during the revision of EPA’s SW846, which changed
the way soil samples should be collected, prepared, and analyzed to reduce volatilization, caused some
degree of confusion because it requires a high level and/or low level laboratory analysis (depending on
the concentration of contaminants in the sample) of each sample collected. Assessments at petroleum
impacted sites in Florida must satisfy both of these regulatory documents whether there are one or
multiple source areas, whether the water table is shallow or deep, whether the discharge is old or new,
and in a variety of lithologies. Soil sampling may also be necessary in the smear zone and/or saturated
zone to obtain further data to assist in remedial decisions.
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Soil Assessment and Sampling
October 1, 2001
Page three
DEFINITIONS OF
VADOSE ZONE, SMEAR ZONE, CAPILLARY FRINGE, AND SATURATED ZONES
FOR BPSS SITES
When screening a petroleum contaminated site with an Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA), certain
observations must be made as soil is collected to differentiate between vadose zone soil contamination,
smear zone contamination, volatilization from the water table, and capillary fringe effects. For the
purpose of describing soil sampling strategy in Florida’s petroleum cleanup program, the following
definitions for the different soil zones should be used.
The vadose zone is the area between the land surface and the water table. Since the water table
fluctuates, the thickness of the vadose zone varies with the water table. Due to the nature of
contamination migration in the soil matrix, soil contamination in the vadose zone is generally restricted to
the source area locations.
The saturated zone is defined as the area below the water table. The top of the saturated zone will
vary depending upon the seasons and is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the capillary zone during
the drilling event. For this reason, soil borings should be completed to a depth of at least one to two
feet into the water table to ensure that the borings are completed into the saturated zone (unless a
variance to this policy has been approved by the BPSS).
The capillary fringe is described as the area directly above the water table where moisture “wicks”
upward due to capillary forces, leaving small amounts of water in the pore spaces above the water
table. The thickness of the capillary fringe zone is dependent primarily on the type of soils.
The smear zone is the area of soil contamination that may exist, at varying extents, within the zone of
water table fluctuations that have occurred since the time of the petroleum release. Petroleum product
floating on top of the water table can become sorbed onto the soils within this zone as the water table
fluctuates, potentially leaving a large amount of petroleum product mass that has adhered to the soil
grains. This product can remain trapped below the water table as the water table rises. Soil Cleanup
Target Levels (soil CTLs) generally apply to the vadose zone (above the water table), but due to water
table fluctuations the soil CTLs may or may not apply to the smear zone samples and a casebycase
determination is necessary (for a detailed discussion, see the Smear Zone Sampling Strategy section on
pages 12 and 13). It is important to determine whether there is a smear zone and to define the smear
zone boundaries as part of a site assessment to allow proper decisions regarding the need for, and
scope of, remedial action and the proper placement of the top of well screens (because apparent smear
zones, as indicated by elevated OVA readings as the water table is approached, can help estimate
historical water table fluctuations at a site).
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Soil Assessment and Sampling
October 1, 2001
Page four
CHAPTER 62770, F.A.C. REQUIREMENTS, INTERPRETATIONS,
AND ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATIVES
All petroleum site assessments must have laboratory analyses performed on representative vadose zone
soil samples from areas suspected of being contaminated by petroleum products. Chapter 62770,
F.A.C. allows field soil screening techniques for soil assessment to complement limited soil lab data, and
the soil laboratory analytical results from the vadose zone need to be compared to soil CTLs for each
site. Soil samples obtained for the purpose of comparison with soil CTLs must be:
1. Grab samples (not composited) which are collected during field soil screening activities;
2. Collected in the vadose zone above the seasonal high water table; and
3. Collected at least once during the site assessment (although additional sampling may be
required depending on the age of the soil screening and OVA data and on the horizontal
and vertical extent of soil contamination).
The criteria to determine which subsamples of the fieldscreened samples should be collected for
laboratory analyses are listed below.
1. At each GAG or KAG source area, when there are positive corrected hydrocarbon
measurements (above background) during soil screening activities, at least three vadose
zone soil samples for laboratory analyses should be collected as follows:
a. One sample should be taken at a soil screening location with a relatively high
corrected hydrocarbon measurement compared to other measurements taken at the
site. If several screening results exceed the instrument’s detection capability, the
sample should be collected close to the suspected source area. It should be noted
that if the corrected hydrocarbon measurements are undetermined due to a high
methane content, then subsequent sampling events must utilize a screening
instrument that has a measuring limit of at least 5,000 ppm;
b. One sample should be taken at a soil screening location with a medium range
corrected hydrocarbon measurement; and
c. One sample should be taken at a soil screening location with a relatively low
positive corrected hydrocarbon measurement (the value should be above
background, generally above 10 to 20 ppm).
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