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An Aesthetics of Existence
The theorist who put forth the now classical post
modern topos on the death of man in the 7960s
reveals here a certain nostalgia for the subiect.
Redefining in part the scope of his intellectual
activity in the 7980s as constituting a new
genealogy of morals, Foucault now centers his
research on a subiect who turns his life into an
exemplary work of art. The question of truth in
politics is one which must be addressed by an
intellectual whose parrhesia (free speech) functions
in the name of knowledge and experience.
Originally given on April 25, 7984 to Alessandro
Fontana (a collaborator with Foucault on I, Pierre
Riviere) for the Italian weekly Panorama this
discussion subsequently reappeared in Le Monde
on July 7576, 7984. The translation is by Alan
Sheridan.
AF. Several years have gone by since La Volante de savoir.
I know that your latest books have presented you with a
number of problems and difficulties. I would like you to talk
to me about those difficulties and about this voyage into the
GrecoRoman world, which was, though not unknown to
you, at least unfamiliar.
FOUCAULT The difficulties derived from the project itself,
which was intended precisely to avoid them. By programming
my work over several volumes according to a plan laid down
in advance, I was telling myself that the time had now come
when I could write them without difficulty, and simply
unwind what was in my head, confirming it by empirical
research.
I very nearly died of boredom writing those books: they
were too much like the earlier ones. For some people, writing
48 SelfPortraits
a book is always a risk the risk, for instance, of not pulling AF. In a piece that appE
it off. When you know in advance where you're going to end 1983, you speak, in relation to
up there's a whole dimension of experience lacking, namely, towards ethics and of moralitiE
the risk attached to writing a book that may not come off. So I the same distinction as that be
changed the general plan: instead of studying sexuality on the and those that emerge with C
borders of knowledge and power, I have tried to go further FOUCAULT With Christial
back, to find out how, for the subject himself, the experience gradual shift in relation to the
of his sexuality as desire had been constituted. In trying to were essentially a practice, a s;
disentangle this problematic, I was led to examine certain very had also been certain norms c
ancient Latin and Greek texts. This required a lot of individual's behavior. But the
preparation, a lot of effort, and left me right up to the end the search for an ethics of exist
with a lot of uncertainties and hesitations. an attempt to affirm one's libel
A.F. There is always a certain "intentionality" in your a certain form in which om
works that often eludes the reader. Histoire de la folie was recognized by others, and whi
really the history of the constitution of that branch of an example.
knowledge known as psychology; Les Mots et les choses was the This elaboration of one's _
archaeology of the human sciences; Surveiller et punir was art, even if it obeyed certain
about the installation of the disciplines of the body and soul. centre, it seems to me, of m·
It would seem that what is at the center of your recent works morality in Antiquity, where
is what you call "truth games." religion of the text, the idea of .
FOUCAULT I don't think there is a great difference obedience, morality took on in_
between these books and the earlier ones. When you write rules (only certain ascetic pracl
books like these, you want very much to change what you the exercise of personal liberty
think entirely and to find yourself at the end of it quite From Antiquity to Christie
different from what you were at the beginning. Then you that was essentially the sean
come to see that really you've changed relatively little. You morality as obedience to a s:
may have changed your point of view, you've gone round interested in Antiquity it was
and round the problem, which is still the same, namely, the reasons, the idea of a morality
relations between the subject, truth, and the constitution of is now disappearing, has alre
experience. I have tried to analyze how areas such as absence of morality correspond
madness, sexuality, and delinquency may enter into a certain for an aesthetics of existence.
play of the truth, and also how, through this insertion of AF. Has all the knowledg
human practice, of behavior, in the play of truth, the subject about the body, sexuality, t
himself is affected. That was the problem of the history of relationship with others, our b
madness, of sexuality. FOUCAULT I can't help but
AF. Doesn't this really amount to a new genealogy of whole series of things, eve
morals? choices, around certain forms I
FOUCAULT Not withstanding the solemnity of the title
and the grandiose mark that Nietzsche has left on it, I'd say 1. "Usage des plaisirs et techniques de
yes. [L.D.K.].
An Aesthetics of Existence 49
AF. In a piece that appeared in Le Debat in November
1983, you speak, in relation to Antiquity, of moralities turned
towards ethics and of moralities turned towards codes.1 Is this
the same distinction as that between GrecoRoman moralities
and those that emerge with Christianity?
FOUCAULT With Christianity, there occurred a slow,
gradual shift in relation to the moralities of Antiquity, which
were essentially a practice, a style of liberty. Of course, there
had also been certain norms of behavior that governed each
individual's behavior. But the will to be a moral subject and
the search for an ethics of existence were, in Antiquity, mainly
an
attempt to affirm one's liberty and to give to one's own life
a certain form in which one could recognize oneself, be
recognized by others, and which even posterity might take as
an example.
This elaboration of one's own life as a personal work of
art, even if it obeyed certain collective canons, was at the
centre, it seems to me, of moral experience, of the will to
morality in Antiquity, whereas in Christianity, with the
religion of the text, the idea of the will of God, the principle of
obedience, morality took on increaSingly the form of a code of
rules (only certain ascetic practices were more bound up with
the exercise of personal liberty).
From Antiquity to Christianity, we pass from a morality
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