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                  Subject                PSYCHOLOGY 
                  Paper No and Title     Paper No 6 – Self and Inner growth  
                  Module No and Title    Module No 6: Carl Rogers Theory on Self (Cont) 
                  Module Tag             PSY_P6_M6 
                                                                                                    
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS  
                  1.    Learning outcomes 
                  2.    Introduction 
                  3.    Roger’s theory of Personality Development 
                               3.1    – Organismic Valuing Process 
                                      3.1.1  – Self 
                                      3.1.2- Self Worth & Condition of worth 
                                      3.1.3  – Congruence 
                                      3.1.4– Self Actualizing Tendency 
                                        
                  4. Fully functional Individual  
                  5.    Summary 
                          Learning Outcomes    
                   
      PSYCHOLOGY                    PAPER No.6 – Self and Inner growth 
                                    MODULE No. 6 : Carl Rogers theory on self (Cont) 
                      
                                                                                                                                                                      
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                       1.  LEARNING OUTCOMES    
                       After studying this module, you should be able to  
                                   Understand the main ideas of Carl Rogers’ humanistic psychology 
                                   Know about Rogers theory of personality 
                                   Understand the concept of self 
                                   Learn the concept of real & Ideal self  
                                   Analyze the basic assumption of fully functional individual 
                                   Evaluate how incongruence leads to neurosis 
                                   Identify main characteristics of fully functional individual  
                       2. Introduction  
                       Along with two other prominent psychologists Abraham Maslow and George Kelly, Carl Rogers 
                       was a key person for framing the central concepts of Humanistic psychology even known as the 
                       Third  Force  in  psychology.  Humanist  psychologists,  headed  by  Abraham  Maslow,  initiated 
                       gathering  in  the  year  1957  to  discuss  papers,  and  they  eventually  shaped  the  Association  of 
                       Humanistic Psychology. This cluster comprised Allport, Fromm, Kelly, Maslow, May, Murray as 
                       well as  Carl  Rogers.  He shared  with  other  humanists  the  general  assumptions  of  humanistic 
                       psychology that individuals are essentially good and that they have innate drive to accomplish 
                       their full potential and that people have the capability to choose their own behavior. He also 
                       assumed  that  each  of  us  perceives  the  world  in  our  own  unique  way  and  that,  in  order  to 
                       comprehend what someone does, you have to try and see the world as they view it.  
                        
                       From the time when people started focusing on the aspects of personality these concepts have 
                       presented an extensive variation of descriptions aimed at comprehending behavior as well as the 
                       factors which comprises the personality of the individual. This module discusses in detail the Carl 
                       Rogers theory of humanistic psychology and basic assumption underlying personality. Rogers’s 
                       concept of persona developed out of his effort as a clinical psychologist as well as established 
                       according  to  his  experiences.  Chiefly  and  primary  he  was  a  therapist,  using  an  enduring 
                       admiration aimed at the respect of the individuals as well as concern in peoples subjectivity in 
                       contrast to treating them as entities, he focused more on application instead of the diagnosis. His 
                       methodology to the understanding of peoples is phenomenological and idiographic. In addition, 
                       according to him: "the basic nature of man is basically positive as well as he is a reliable being". 
                       These views are replicated in his concept of personality. 
                        
                       As  it  has  been  observed  by  many,  that  psychoanalysis  approach  of  personality  give  the 
                       impression that humans are basically destructive and portray a bleak image of humans. On other 
                       hand, learning theoreticians give the impression to depict individual as submissively responding 
                       to ecological motivations. Whereas humanistic theorist view individuals in a positive manner. As 
                       per thinkers of personality, humanists gave emphasize to growth prospective / endeavoring for 
                       improvement of oneself. That is how humanistic theory is also considered as self -growth theories 
                       of personality. Such self-growth models gradually bring into being influence in the 1960s as it 
        PSYCHOLOGY                             PAPER No.6 – Self and Inner growth 
                                               MODULE No. 6 : Carl Rogers theory on self (Cont) 
                           
                                                                                                                       
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          was going with the feeling good factor/ optimistic philosophy, 
          which also became a part of the contemporary societal scenario 
          during that period. 
           
           
           
          3.  Roger’s theory of Personality Development 
           
          Roger’s starts and ends with the subjective experiences of the individual. In his opinion, the 
          subjective experiences of reality aid as the base for the individual’s judgment and behavior. It is 
          this  reality,  rather  than  external,  objective  reality,  that  plays  the  fundamental  role  in 
          understanding the person’s behavior. Inner experiences, comprises everything i.e. Taking place 
          within  the  organism  at  a  particular  time.  All  this  experience,  conscious  and  coconscious,  is 
          thought to consist of the person’s world. Conscious experience is that which can be verbalized 
          and explained after which you can also imagine it. And unconscious experience is that which 
          can’t be verbalized or imagined by the person, healthy individuals, in Rogers view are those who 
          can symbolize their experiences completely whereas unhealthy people repress their experiences 
          and are unable to symbolize them fully. 
           
          Rogers model of personality growth is grounded on the nineteen suggestions but the dominant 
          emphasis is on the notion of ‘self’. In his opinion, the self is the fundamental feature in the 
          development of personality and individual modification. The core principles of his concept would 
          be laid down, which are: 
           
          3.1    Organismic Valuing Process 
           
          Rogers asserted that it is a continuing course in which beliefs are by no means static nor stiff, 
          however understandings are precisely represented as well as repeatedly appreciated in relation to 
          the fulfillments attained by the persons. Organismic valuing practice is an inner, subconscious 
          perceptive that directs us in assessing novel capabilities for individual’s progression prospective. 
          It guides persons in the direction of experiences that are progression generating and away from 
          those experiences that would obstruct growth. This internal understanding guides the selections 
          we make in constructive means if one has been imparted to focus on it. This is an internal 
          appreciating procedure that is precise if the individual has been elevated up to believe in himself 
          as well as to respect their expressive requirements.  
           
          Many theorist have even used this method to the wellbeing of the persons who are in contact with 
          his  requirements would also become more physically in good health. Regrettably entirely all 
          individuals are not brought up in a way to esteem their own requirements. Therefore this internal 
          valuing course has been repressed as well as substituted with determinations to give pleasure to 
          other individuals. (It can be observed from even Rogers’ initial infantile growth suppressed his 
          innate working, because his family members were authoritarian in addition to being stern. This 
          could have resulted to his interim out well ahead in his life.) When Rogers was asked about 
          offenders and ferocious people who do not appear to be behaving in a optimistic way, Rogers 
          responded that the surroundings, mishandling in formative years, etc. initiated the individual to be 
          unable to find his/her internal state of mind. Their emotional state may be overlooked or rebuked, 
          as  a  result  they  nullify  some  expressive  responses,  specifically  compassion.  Such  individuals 
          devour  slight  response  to  the  targets  they  make  miserable.  Thus  Rogers  believed  that  these 
          individuals are behaving in such a manner because of anxiety and defensiveness, not inherent 
    PSYCHOLOGY      PAPER No.6 – Self and Inner growth 
                    MODULE No. 6 : Carl Rogers theory on self (Cont) 
              
                                                                                                                                                                      
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                       malicious forces. Therefore individuals unconsciously signify 
                       more or less few things and despise few on the other hand. 
                        
                       Merry  (1955),  portrayal  of  organismic  valuing  process  is  described  as:  the  term  itself  is 
                       cumbersome, but the notion is rather modest .As infants, we begin our journey in this life  
                        
                        
                       understanding whatever is worthy as well as not decent for us. The benchmark one uses to 
                       evaluate what all to understand to some degree either constructively or destructively is whether or 
                       not  it  backs  to  sustaining  or  improving  our  progress.  This  valuing  progression  functions 
                       somewhat instinctively; one does not place ample thought hooked on to it. For instance, as soon 
                       as we are famished we definitely lay emphasis to being given food and once we do not feel 
                       starved we no longer pay any attention to being given food. Definitely appreciated experiences 
                       comprises of one being contented, being capable to play as well as being able to display one’s  
                       inquisitiveness about the domain that dominates us.  
                        
                       3.1.1    Self  
                        
                       Carl Roger was one of the prominent psychologists to positively discover the part of nature in the 
                       development of personality. Rogers assumed that as soon as a baby originates into this creation, 
                       the notion of ‘self’ is existent in him which is comparable to a minute spot besides it nurtures as 
                       well as progresses as there is an increase in the age of the child. He referred to the notion of the 
                       self as the whole of an intricate, structured, as well as forceful scheme of knowledgeable views, 
                       outlooks in addition to views that each individual embraces to be accurate nearly about  his/her 
                       individual being. Rogers termed the self as a creation of emerging all outcomes, emerging out of 
                       communicating interactions as well as endeavoring for constancy. 
                        
                       Rogers in the year1959, assumed that when one needs to sense, know-how as well as conduct 
                       oneself in means that are stable by means of one’s image as well as which replicate whatever we 
                       would want to become like which in other words referred to as our ideal-self. The further close by 
                       one’s self-image and ideal-self are in relation to one another, the added constant or compatible we 
                       are as well as the greater is our feeling of worth. An individual is supposed on the way to be in an 
                       incongruence condition nearly of the full part of their understanding is undesirable to them in 
                       addition it is repudiated or distorted in the self-image. The humanistic methodology makes an 
                       assumption that the self is comprised of notions exclusive to each individual. The self-concept 
                       contains three constituents which are as follows:  
                               Self-worth  /  Self  Esteem:  refers  to  anything  one  contemplate  nearly  about  oneself. 
                                Rogers assumed a feeling of self-worth originates in initial infantile period as well as it is 
                                shaped from the relations of the youngster with their parents. 
                               Self-image: it can be defined as in what manner one comprehend themselves that is 
                                significant to worthy inner health. It plays a role in telling how an individual reflects, 
                                senses and acts in the world. Self-image comprises the impact of our body image on inner 
                                personality.  In  other  words  it  means,  one  may  observe  oneself  as  a  respectable  or 
                                immoral individual, attractive or unpleasant. 
                                Ideal self: can be understood as the individual one would want to become. It comprises 
                                of our objectives in life & is active– i.e. constantly shifting. The ideal self in infancy is 
                                not the same as it is in our adolescences/ adult etc. 
        PSYCHOLOGY                             PAPER No.6 – Self and Inner growth 
                                               MODULE No. 6 : Carl Rogers theory on self (Cont)