The Crown Court Compendium   
                                             
             ……………………………..                   
                           
      Part I: Jury and Trial Management and 
                           
                   Summing Up                
                                             
                                             
                           
        
                           
        
                     May 2016 
                           
                           
              Maddison – Ormerod – Tonking – Wait 
 
                 Crown Court Compendium Part I                                                              May 2016 
                 Contents  
                  
                 1.     INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1-1 
                    1-1 Style and abbreviations ................................................................................. 1-1 
                    1-2 Foreword ....................................................................................................... 1-2 
                    1-3 The purpose and structure of the Compendium ............................................ 1-4 
                    1-4 Timing of directions of law ............................................................................. 1-6 
                    1-5 Written directions and Routes to Verdict ....................................................... 1-7 
                    1-6 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 1-10 
                 2.     JURY MANAGEMENT .................................................................................. 2-1 
                    2-1 Empanelling the jury ...................................................................................... 2-1 
                    2-2 Challenge and stand down of a juror ............................................................. 2-9 
                    2-3 Alternate jurors ............................................................................................ 2-11 
                    2-4 Discharging a juror or jury ........................................................................... 2-13 
                    2-5 Conducting a view ....................................................................................... 2-17 
                 3.     TRIAL MANAGEMENT .................................................................................. 3-1 
                    3-1 Opening remarks to the jury .......................................................................... 3-1 
                    3-2 Defendant unfit to plead and/or stand trial ..................................................... 3-5 
                    3-3 Trial in the absence of the defendant ............................................................ 3-8 
                    3-4 Trial of one defendant in the absence of another/others ............................. 3-11 
                    3-5 Defendant in person .................................................................................... 3-13 
                    3-6 Special measures ........................................................................................ 3-17 
                    3-7 Intermediaries .............................................................................................. 3-21 
                    3-8 Anonymous witnesses ................................................................................. 3-24 
                    3-9 Interpreters .................................................................................................. 3-26 
                 4.     FUNCTIONS OF JUDGE AND JURY ............................................................ 4-1 
                 5.     BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF ...................................................... 5-1 
                 6.     THE INDICTMENT ........................................................................................ 6-1 
                    6-1 Separate consideration of counts and/or defendants .................................... 6-1 
                    6-2 Multiple incident and specimen counts .......................................................... 6-3 
                    6-3 Alternative Verdicts ........................................................................................ 6-9 
                    6-4 Agreement on the factual basis of the verdict .............................................. 6-12 
                 7.     CRIMINAL LIABILITY .................................................................................... 7-1 
                    7-1 Child defendants ............................................................................................ 7-1 
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                    7-2 Joint participation in an offence ..................................................................... 7-3 
                    7-3 Joint principals ............................................................................................... 7-4 
                    7-4 Accessory/secondary liability ......................................................................... 7-6 
                    7-5 The abolition of parasitic accessory/joint enterprise .................................... 7-17 
                    7-6 Withdrawal from joint criminal activity .......................................................... 7-18 
                    7-7 Conspiracy .................................................................................................. 7-22 
                    7-8 Criminal attempts ......................................................................................... 7-26 
                    7-9 Causation .................................................................................................... 7-28 
                 8.     STATES OF MIND ........................................................................................ 8-1 
                    8-1 Intention ......................................................................................................... 8-1 
                    8-2 Recklessness ................................................................................................ 8-6 
                    8-3 Malice ............................................................................................................ 8-8 
                    8-4 Wilfulness .................................................................................................... 8-10 
                    8-5 Knowledge, belief and suspicion ................................................................. 8-12 
                    8-6 Dishonesty ................................................................................................... 8-17 
                    8-7 Mistake ........................................................................................................ 8-20 
                 9.     INTOXICATION ............................................................................................. 9-1 
                 10.    EVIDENCE – GENERAL ............................................................................. 10-1 
                    10-1 Circumstantial evidence ............................................................................ 10-1 
                    10-2 Corroboration and the special need for caution ......................................... 10-4 
                    10-3 Expert evidence ......................................................................................... 10-9 
                    10-4 Delay ....................................................................................................... 10-13 
                    10-5 Evidence of children and vulnerable witnesses ....................................... 10-17 
                 11.    GOOD CHARACTER OF A DEFENDANT .................................................. 11-1 
                 12.    BAD CHARACTER ...................................................................................... 12-1 
                    12-1 General Introduction .................................................................................. 12-1 
                    12-2 Directions applicable to all CJA s.101(1) “gateways” ................................. 12-3 
                    12-3 S.101(1)(a) – Agreed evidence.................................................................. 12-4 
                    12-4 S.101(1)(b) – Evidence of bad character adduced by the defendant......... 12-6 
                    12-5 S.101(1)(c) - Important explanatory evidence ........................................... 12-8 
                    12-6 S.101(1)(d) – Relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant 
                    and the prosecution ......................................................................................... 12-10 
                    12-7 S.101(1)(e) – Substantial probative value in relation to an important matter in 
                    issue between the defendant [D1] and a co-defendant [D2] ............................ 12-15 
                    12-8 S.101(1)(f) - Evidence to correct a false impression given by the defendant 
                    about himself ................................................................................................... 12-19 
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                 12-9 S.101(1)(g) - Defendant’s attack on another person’s character ............. 12-21 
                 12-10 S.100 – Non-defendant’s bad character ................................................ 12-23 
               13.    CROSS ADMISSIBILITY ............................................................................. 13-1 
               14.    HEARSAY ................................................................................................... 14-1 
                 14-1 Hearsay - general ...................................................................................... 14-1 
                 14-2 Hearsay - Witness absent - s.116 .............................................................. 14-3 
                 14-3 Hearsay - Business documents – s. 117 ................................................... 14-6 
                 14-4 Hearsay - Introduced by agreement - s.114(1)(c) ...................................... 14-8 
                 14-5 Hearsay – Interests of justice – s.114(1)(d) ............................................. 14-10 
                 14-6 Hearsay – Previous inconsistent statement - s.119 ................................. 14-11 
                 14-7 Hearsay – Previous inconsistent statement of hostile witness - s.119 ..... 14-13 
                 14-8 Hearsay - Statement to refresh memory - ss.139 and 120(3) .................. 14-15 
                 14-9 Hearsay – Statement to rebut an allegation of recent fabrication - s.120(2) 
                 ......................................................................................................................... 14-17 
                 14-10 Hearsay – Statement as evidence of person, object or place - s.120 (4) and 
                 (5) .................................................................................................................... 14-19 
                 14-11 Hearsay – Statement of matters now forgotten - s.120 (4) and (6) ........ 14-21 
                 14-12 Hearsay - Statement of complaint - s.120 (4), (7) and (8) ..................... 14-23 
                 14-13 Hearsay – Res Gestae – Spontaneous Exclamation -  s.118(1) and (4) 14-26 
                 14-14 Hearsay – Statements in furtherance of a common enterprise - s.118(1) and 
                 (7) .................................................................................................................... 14-28 
                 14-15 Hearsay – Out of court statements made by one defendant (D1) for or 
                 against another (D2) ........................................................................................ 14-31 
                 14-16 Hearsay – Multiple hearsay - s.121 ....................................................... 14-36 
               15.    IDENTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 15-1 
                 15-1 Visual identification by a witness/witnesses .............................................. 15-1 
                 15-2 Identification from visual images: comparison by the jury .......................... 15-6 
                 15-3 Identification from visual images by a witness who knows D and so is able to 
                 recognise him .................................................................................................. 15-11 
                 15-4 Identification from visual images by a witness who has special knowledge  
                 ......................................................................................................................... 15-14 
                 15-5 Identification by facial mapping ................................................................ 15-18 
                 15-6 Finger prints and other impressions ........................................................ 15-22 
                 A. Fingerprints ................................................................................................. 15-22 
                 B. Footwear impressions ................................................................................. 15-25 
                 C. Ear impressions .......................................................................................... 15-27 
                 15-7 Identification by voice .............................................................................. 15-29 
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