FUNDAMENTALS OFFUNDAMENTALS OF
                                        FLUIDFLUIDFLUIDFLUID  MECHANICSMECHANICSMECHANICSMECHANICS
           ChapterChapterChapterChapter  8888      PipePipePipePipe  FlowFlowFlowFlow  
                                                                             1
        MAINMAINMAINMAIN  TOPICSTOPICSTOPICSTOPICS
        GlGlGGeneraenerall  CCChChhharacteraracteriiiiststiiiics ocs offff  PiPiPPiipe pe FlFlFFllowow
        Fully Developed Laminar FlowFully Developed Laminar Flow
        Fully Developed Turbulent FlowFully Developed Turbulent Flow
        DimensionalDimensionalDimensionalDimensional  AnalysisAnalysisAAnalysisnalysis  ofofooff  PipePipePPipeipe  FlowFlowFFlowlow
        Pipe Flow ExamplesPipe Flow Examples
        PiPiPiPipe pe FlFlFlFlowrate owrate MMMMeasurementeasurement
                                                                             2
                             IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
                              Flows completely Flows completely bounded by solid surfacesbounded by solid surfaces are called are called INTERNAL INTERNAL 
                                       FLOWSFLOWS which include flows through which include flows through pipespipes ((Round cross sectionRound cross section), ), 
                                       ductsductsductsducts  (NOT(NOT(NOT(NOT  RoundRoundRoundRound  crosscrosscrosscross  sectionsectionssectionection)))), , nozzlesnozzlesnozzlesnozzles, , diffusersdiffusersdiffusersdiffusers, , suddensuddensuddensudden  
                                       contractions and expansions, valves, and fittings. contractions and expansions, valves, and fittings. 
                              TheTheTheThe  basicbasicbbasicasic  principlesprinciplesprinciplesprinciples  involvedinvolvedinvolvedinvolved  areareaarere  independentindependentindependentindependent  ofofofof  thethethethe  crosscrossccrossross--sectionalsectionalsectionalsectional  
                                       shape, although the details of shape, although the details of ththe flow e flow may be dependent on it.may be dependent on it.
                              The The flow reflow reggg(g(ime ime ((laminar or laminar or turbulentturbulent))))of internal of internal flows is flows is pppypyrimarilrimarilyy  
                                       a function of a function of the Reynolds numberthe Reynolds number ((-->inertial force/viscous force).>inertial force/viscous force).
                                          Laminar flow: Can be solved analLaminar flow: Can be solved analyyyyyyticallticallyy..
                                          Turbulent flow: Rely heavily on semiTurbulent flow: Rely heavily on semi--empirical theories and empirical theories and 
                                                  exexpppperimental data.erimental data.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       3
                  General Characteristics of General Characteristics of 
                                                             PiPiPiPipe pe FlFlFlFlowow
         Laminar vs. Laminar vs. TTuurbulentrbulent
         Entrance Region vs. Entrance Region vs. Fully Developed FlowFully Developed Flow
                                                                                         4