Introduction to Acids 
              and Bases
                  Chapter 8
   There are three (3) definitions of acids and bases: 
       1. Arrhenius, 2. Bronsted-Lowry and 3. Lewis.
       Name                    Acids                             Base
                  Definition         Example         Definition           Exampl
                                                                          e
     Arrhenius An H-                 HCl             An OH-               KOH
                  containing         HNO3            containing           NaOH
                  compound that  HBr                 compound that 
                              +
                  increases H        HF              increases OH- 
                  concentration      Acetic acid     concentration in 
                  in water                           water
     Bronsted- Proton donor          Terminal        Proton acceptor      NH3
     Lowry                           alkynes
     Lewis        Electron pair      Fe3+ and        Electron pair 
                  acceptor           other           donor
                                     transition 
                                     metal 
                                     cations
  There are three (3) definitions of acids and bases: 
    1. Arrhenius, 2. Bronsted-Lowry and 3. Lewis.
    base            acid              acid        base
    base            acid            conjugat    conjugat
                                     e acid      e base
  Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by only one proton.
   There are three (3) definitions of acids and bases: 
      1. Arrhenius, 2. Bronsted-Lowry and 3. Lewis.
                    Arrhenius                               Arrhenius 
                      Bases:                                  Acids:
                      LiOH,                                HCl, H SO
                     Mg(OH)                                       2   4
                             2 
                 Bronsted Bases:                            Bronsted 
                 HO, NH , HS-                                Acids:
                   2      3                                 HO, HS-, 
                                                              2
                                                             HPO-
                                                               2   4
                   Lewis Bases:                           Lewis Acids:
                Any species with                       Any species that 
                    a lone pair                        accepts electron 
                                                         pairs. (H+ CO , 
                                                                      2
                                                                n+
                                                              M )
  Acids and Bases undergo neutralization reactions.
        NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
     +      –    +    –     +    –
  Na  + OH  + H  + Cl   Na + Cl  + 
  H2O        +      – 
            H  + OH  H2O