TISSUE, CELL AND ORGAN CULTURE-1
   • Tissue culture Technology is known as the general term to describe the in 
    vitro  cultivation  of  organs,  tissues  &  cells  at  defined  temperature  using  an 
    incubator,  supplemented  with  a  medium  containing  cell  nutrients  &  growth 
    factors.
   • Tissue  culture  :  the  small  tissue  fragments  are  explanted  into  a  suitable 
    medium and encouraged to grow in isolation, to form colonies, and possibly to 
    continue some of their normal functions.
   • Cell culture  : the cells of a tissue, or even individual cells, are made to grow in 
    a special medium. 
     – Sub  culturing  of  primary  cells  leads  to  the  generation  of  cell  lines 
      (contain one type of cells)
     – Lineage of cells originating from the primary culture is called a cell strain 
      (forming a cell line)
     – Cell lines have limited life span, they passage several times before they 
      become senescent.
   • Organ culture : growth is only of minor interest, but embryological development 
    and the maintenance of normal physiological functions are the chief aim and 
    object. 
   TISSUE, CELL AND ORGAN CULTURE-2
  • Different  types  of  cells  grown  in  culture  includes  fibroblasts,  skeletal  tissue, 
    cardiac, epithelial tissue (liver, breast, skin, kidney) and many types of tumor 
    cells.
  • Cells when surgically or enzymatically removed from an organism and placed in 
    suitable culture environment will grow are called as primary culture  where the 
    Primary cells have a finite life span 
     – they stop growing and ultimately die after only a few subculturing steps
     – contains heterogeneous population of cells (different types of cells present) since it 
      is directly originated from the tissue.
     – Cells such as macrophages and neurons do not divide in vitro so can be used as 
      primary cultures
  • After  obtaining  the  culture  primary  cell  culture,  then  the  irrelevant  cells  are 
    discarded. The dominant cells that multiply and grow in uniform populations 
    are of interest and used for cell cultures.
    CELL CULTURES ACCORDING TO THEIR BASIC SOURCES AND 
    CULTURING CONDITIONS
    Basically we can summarize cell culture types as following:
    • Primary cell cultures:  cells were taken directly from tissues
       – Explant cultures (after tissue dissection)
       – Enzymatic dissociation culture (tissue dissociated after enzyme digestion)
    • Secondary Cell Cultures: derived from prinmary cultures to form a cell 
     line
       – Monolayer cultures (anchorage dependent cultures, that are adherent cell 
        cultures, such as epithelial cells of intestine)
       – Suspension Culture (non anchorage dependent cultures, such as blood 
        cells)
  VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
      GENERAL CULTURE PARAMETERS-1
      • Culture  volume  is  the  factor  determined  by  the  purpose  of  the  technology 
         used. Such that:
            1.  Small scale culture of cells (up to 1L) are good to establish cell culture
                 •  for studying cell morphology 
                 •  for comparing the effects of agents on growth and metabolism, etc
            2.  Animal cell culture is a widely used production process in biotechnology, with 
                systems in operation at scales over 10000 liters
                 •  To produce vaccine material
                 •  To isolate cell constituent (DNA, enzymes, proteins,…), etc.
      Cell Sources:
      • The list of different cell types which can be grown in culture is extensive. For 
         applications the  commonly used cells and regularly updated  list of 
         commercially available cell stocks are available through : 
      • ATCC AmericanType Culture Collection (American)
      https://
      www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/Products/Cells_and_Microorganisms/Cell_Lines.aspx?geo_country=tr
      • The European Collection of Cell Cultures (British)
      https://www.phe-culturecollections.org.uk/collections/ecacc.aspx