Tissue, cell and organ culture-1
         Tissue culture Technology is known as the general term to describe the in 
          vitro  cultivation  of  organs,  tissues  &  cells  at  defined  temperature  using  an 
          incubator,  supplemented  with  a  medium  containing  cell  nutrients  &  growth 
          factors.
         Tissue  culture  :  the  small  tissue  fragments  are  explanted  into  a  suitable 
          medium and encouraged to grow in isolation, to form colonies, and possibly to 
          continue some of their normal functions.
         Cell culture  : the cells of a tissue, or even individual cells, are made to grow 
          in a special medium. 
              Sub culturing of primary cells leads to the generation of cell lines (contain one 
               type of cells)
              Lineage of cells originating from the primary culture is called a cell strain (forming a 
               cell line)
              Cell lines have limited life span, they passage several times before they become 
               senescent.
         Organ  culture  :  growth  is  only  of  minor  interest,  but  embryological 
          development and the maintenance of normal physiological functions are the 
          chief aim and object. 
      Tissue, cell and organ culture-2
        Different  types  of  cells  grown  in  culture  includes  fibroblasts,  skeletal  tissue, 
         cardiac, epithelial tissue (liver, breast, skin, kidney) and many types of tumor 
         cells.
        Cells when surgically or enzymatically removed from an organism and placed 
         in suitable culture environment will grow are called as primary culture  where 
         the Primary cells have a finite life span 
             they stop growing and ultimately die after only a few subculturing steps
             contains heterogeneous population of cells (different types of cells present) since 
              it is directly originated from the tissue.
             Cells such as macrophages and neurons do not divide in vitro so can be used as 
              primary cultures
        After  obtaining  the  culture  primary  cell  culture,  then  the  irrelevant  cells  are 
         discarded. The dominant cells that multiply and grow in uniform populations 
         are of interest and used for cell cultures.
      CELL CULTURES ACCORDING TO THEIR BASIC SOURCES AND 
      CULTURING CONDITIONS
      Basically we can summarize cell culture types as following:
         Primary cell cultures:  cells were taken directly from tissues
              Explant cultures (after tissue dissection)
              Enzymatic dissociation culture (tissue dissociated after enzyme digestion)
         Secondary Cell Cultures: derived from prinmary cultures to form a cell line
              Monolayer cultures (anchorage dependent cultures, that are adherent cell cultures, 
               such as epithelial cells of intestine)
              Suspension Culture (non anchorage dependent cultures, such as blood cells)
      GENERAL CULTURE PARAMETERS-1
         Culture volume is the factor determined by the purpose of the technology 
          used. Such that:
            1.  Small scale culture of cells (up to 1L) are good to establish cell culture
                   for studying cell morphology 
                   for comparing the effects of agents on growth and metabolism, etc
            2.  Animal cell culture is a widely used production process in biotechnology, with 
                systems in operation at scales over 10000 liters
                   To produce vaccine material
                   To isolate cell constituent (DNA, enzymes, proteins,…), etc.
      Cell Sources:
         The list of different cell types which can be grown in culture is extensive. For 
          applications the  commonly used cells and regularly updated  list of 
          commercially available cell stocks are available through : 
         ATCC AmericanType Culture Collection (American)
      https://
      www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/Products/Cells_and_Microorganisms/Cell_Lines.aspx?geo_country=tr
         The European Collection of Cell Cultures (British)
      https://www.phe-culturecollections.org.uk/collections/ecacc.aspx
       Tissue Cell Culture Technology: 
       Comparing organ, tissue and cell 
       cultures
               Comparison of Cell and Organ Cultures
               Advantages and Limitations on Use
           CEAC514
           Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yasemin G. İşgör